Chapter 13

Question 1

The flow of information and the relationships between informational macromolecules

Answer 1

the central dogma

Question 2

The central dogma

Answer 2

replication> transcription > translation

Question 3

Replication uses

Answer 3

DNA polymerase

Question 4

RNA uses

Answer 4

RNA polymerase

Question 5

Translation uses

Answer 5

Ribosome + aa-tRNAs

Question 6

Retroviruses

Answer 6

RNA > DNA

• RNA genome reverse transcription by RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Question 7

RNA <>RNA

Answer 7

(Corona viruses, reoviruses)

• RNA genome replication
• RNA amplification
• RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Question 8

Todays view of genes

Answer 8

Gene is a DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/ function. A given gene can encode different proteins (splicing), noncoding RNAs, both genes are associated to regulatory regions

Question 9

70s-90s

Answer 9

genes are open reading frames

Question 10

Structures of mRNA

Answer 10

• ORF
• prokaryotic polycistronic mRNA
• eukaryotic monocistronic mRNA

Question 11

ORF

Answer 11

nucleic acid composed of consecutive non overlapping triplets

Question 12

Operon

Answer 12

cluster of genes on DNA under the control of a single promoter

• gene regulation ( prokaryotes)

Question 13

Prokaryotic mRNA

Answer 13

multiple translation start sites

Question 14

Eukaryotic mRNA

Answer 14

single translation start site

Question 15

Prokaryotes main objective

Answer 15

quickly adapt to environment

Question 16

Genes often in operons

Answer 16

prokaryotes

Question 17

• mRNAs are quickly synthesized & quickly destroyed
• mRNA exhibit a short half life (min)
• regulation is simple, mainly achieved at the level of transcription

Answer 17

Prokaryotes

Question 18

Eukaryotes used for

Answer 18

adaption to environment, response to stimuli, essential for cell differentiation & development

Question 19

• regulation is refined & very intricate
• each gene is under the control of its own promoter and is carefully regulated
• mRNA have long half life (days) and expression is regulated at many levels

Answer 19

Eukaryotes

• RNA transcription, maturation, translation

Question 20

Spatiotemporal regulation of gene

Answer 20

specific genes are activated at specific time and location

• key for cell differentiation in multicellular organisms

Question 21

______ are required for RNA synthesis by RNA Pol

Answer 21

ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP

Question 22

RNA chain grows in the

Answer 22

5` to 3 direction

Question 23

Transcripition starts when

Answer 23

RNA polymerase binds to a special region, the promoter , at the start of the gene

Question 24

The promoter surrounds the

Answer 24

first base pair that is transcribed into RNA, the start point

Question 25

RNA POL then moves along

Answer 25

the template, synthesizing RNA, until is reaches a terminator sequence - this action defines a transcription unit that extends from the promoter to the terminator

Question 26

Various proteins interact with DNA at or near

Answer 26

the promoter to regulate transcription initiation... RNA polymerase, transcription factors = activators, repressors

Question 27

Transcription synthezies new

Answer 27

complementary strand but composed of ribonucleotides (NTPS)

Question 28

RNA POL _______ need a primer

Answer 28

doesnt