Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych 121 > Chapter 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the cause and consequences of sociality

-how individuals think, feel and act in social context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

aggression

A

behaviour with the purpose of harming another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

a principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

person perception

A

the process of forming impressions of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how and why do we make ‘snap’ judgements?

A

helps us to quickly identify potential dangers

based on biases ad stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

attribution

A

inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behaviour and their own behaviour, we tend to misinterpret other’s behaviours
ex) the judgement you make about someone who budges in front of you at Starbucks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we tend to attribute people’s behaviour to personal traits and ignore situational factors that may have been the cause of that behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the actor-observer effect

A

the tendency to judge one person’s actions different then when another person does the same thing
ex) you scream cause you have anger issues, I scream because no one listens to me in the house

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

defense attribution

A

tendency to blame the victim for their own misfortune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the “just world hypothesis”

A

you get what you deserve, bad things will happen to bad people, karma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

central route to persuasion vs. peripheral route

A

central: appeals to logic and reason
peripheral: appeals to emotion & habit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

obedience

A

behaviour produced by the command of authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus (person) is enough for a favorable response
-the more you see that person, the more you like them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

matching hypothesis

A

we tend to choose partners that are of equal attractiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

social loafing

A

reduction in an individual’s effort when working with others
ex) group projects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

group polarization and group think

A

polarization: more extreme decisions are made together then individually
think: most ‘voiced’ gets their way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bystander effect

A

people are less likely to provide help when in groups than when they are alone

  • we assume that someone else will do it
    ex) broken down car on highway vs. dirt road
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

factors that increase bystander intervention..

A
  • good mood
  • feeling guilty
  • seeing others helping
  • knowing how to help
  • not in a rush
  • personalized relationship
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

factors that decrease bystander intervention..

A
  • pressure of others
  • big city or really small towns
  • ambiguous situations
  • cost outweighs benefit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

conformity

A

the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
-no direct request, normative influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Solomon Asch studied what? what experiment did he conduct?

A

studied formation of impressions of personality and conformity
-experiment: cards w lines on them, participant agreed with confederate even when they were obviously wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

normative conformity

A

yielding to group pressures in order to fit in

-fear of social rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

informational conformity

A

lack the knowledge so we look to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

small world technique

A

Milgram
>the six degrees of separation–> how linked are we as a society?
>bacon number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
stress
a pattern of responsiveness to events that match or exceed an organism's ability to cope
26
stressor
a stimulus that threatens an organism and elicits a coping response
27
2 categories of stress..
1) major life events | 2) daily hassles
28
burnout
not dealing with stress - physical and emotion exhaustion - a sense of not accomplishing
29
what are 3 economic costs of stress?
- absenteeism (sick days) - employee turnover - vulnerability to health problems
30
clinical psychology
deals with psychopathology (the study of mental disorders)
31
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
chronic physical arousal, unwanted thoughts/images, and avoidance of things associated with a traumatic event (exposure to extreme harm, or death)
32
acute stress
clear onset and offset patterns | ex) final exams coming up in December
33
chronic stress
continuous state of arousal | ex) family member diagnosed with cancer
34
telomeres
protective caps at the end of a DNA strand that protect chromosomes and stop them from sticking together -causes aging when shortened
35
general adaption syndrome (GAS) | 3 stages?
3 stage physiological stress response (the response never varies) 1) alarm (rapid mobilization) 2) resistance (cope & adapt) 3) exhaustion
36
immune cells
specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes | -chronic stress decreases the number of immune cells, those left over are less effective at protecting us
37
psychneuroimmunology (PNI)
the study of the response of the immune system to psychological variables -chronic stress weakens our body
38
hostility
personal intensity, anger
39
type A behaviour pattern
easily aroused to hostility, impatient, competitive | -opposite type B: mellow
40
when does frustration occur? why?
change (readjustment) conflict (should I?) pressure (conformity and performance expectations) -occurs when our pursuit of a specific goal is blocked
41
appraisal of stress
the way we perceive stress depends on our cognitive appraisal and available resources
42
cortisol
the hormone released in response to stress | -beneficial short term, detrimental long term (body on high alert 24/7)
43
neurotransmitter systems and endocrine systems do what?
interact to respond to threats - use body resources - increases protective responses
44
problem focused coping
attempting to directly change the stressor or change the way we interact with it - you are in control ex) confronting a hostile friend
45
emotion focused coping
attempting to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressful situation - out of your control ex) avoiding your hostile friend
46
Ekman's facial feedback theory
facial expressions can produce those effects on your body whether you feel that emotion or not
47
cooperation
beaviour by 2 or more individuals that lead to mutual benefit
48
group
a collection of people who have something in common that distinguish them from others
49
prejudice
a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership
50
common knowledge effect
the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share
51
deindividuation
when in groups, individuals tend to become less aware of their individual values
52
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel less responsible in a situation when others are acting in the same way
53
altruism
behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself
54
kin selection
the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
55
reciprocal altruism
behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
56
passionate love
an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
57
companionate love
an experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner's well being
58
social exchange
the hypothesis stating that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of benefits and costs
59
comparison level
the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship
60
equity in a relationship
a state of affairs where the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal
61
social influence
the ability to control another's behaviour
62
norms
customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture
63
norm of reciprocity
the unwritten rule that one should benefit those who have benefited them
64
normative influence
when one person's behaviour provides information about what is appropriate
65
door in the face technique
An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request (ask for something big, get rejection, then ask for something small, accepted)
66
attitude
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event (eat an apple)
67
belief
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event (open the fridge)
68
informational influence
Occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is true
69
Systematic persuasion
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason
70
Heuristic persuasion
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion
71
Foot in door technique
A technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request
72
Cognitive dissonance
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes or beliefs
73
Social cognition
The process by which people come to understand others
74
Self fulfilling prophecy
The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave
75
Stereotype threat
The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold
76
Perceptual confirmation
The tendency for people to see what they expect to see
77
Subtyping
The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them
78
Attribution
An inference about the cause of a person's behaviour
79
Correspondence bias
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution
80
HPA axis
Stressor is recognized.. Hypothalamus- releasing factor Pituitary gland- ACTH hormone released Adrenal gland- cortisol and catecholamines released to initiate fight or flight
81
Telomerase
An enzyme that rebuilds telemeres
82
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection -including T and B cells
83
Repressive coping
Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining a artificially positive viewpoint
84
Rational coping
Facing a stressor and working to overcome it | 3 stages: acceptance, exposure and understanding
85
Reframing
Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat
86
Stress inoculation training (SIT)
A reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situation by developing positive ways to think about the situation
87
Self regulation
The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards
88
Biofeedback
The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function
89
Social support
The aid gained through interacting with others
90
Sick role
A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness
91
Psychosomatic illness
An interaction between mind and body that can produce illness
92
Illusion of unique invulnerability
A systematic bias toward believing that they are less likely to fall victim to the problem than are others

Psych 121 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions