Chapter 13

Question 1

Civil Liberties

Answer 1

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

Question 2

Civil Rights

Answer 2

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.

Question 3

Clear and Present Danger

Answer 3

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

Question 4

Double Jeopardy

Answer 4

Being tried twice for the same crime

Question 5

Double Standard

Answer 5

an ethical or moral code that applies more strictly to one group than to another

Question 6

Exclusionary Rule

Answer 6

A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct

Question 7

Fighting Words

Answer 7

words that by their very nature inflict injury on those to whom they are addressed or incite them to acts of violence

Question 8

Hate Speech

Answer 8

A verbal attack targeting someone because of their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation

Question 9

Incorporation

Answer 9

A process that extended the protections of the Bill of Rights against the actions of state and local governments

Question 10

Least Restrictive Means

Answer 10

If one right must be restricted to protect another right, the restriction must be as minimal as possible.

Question 11

Lemon Test

Answer 11

1) The government’s action must have a secular legislative purpose; 2)The government’s action must not have the primary effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion; 3) The government’s action must not result in an “excessive government entanglement” with religion

Question 12

Miranda Warning

Answer 12

A series of statements informing criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their constitutional rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to counsel: required by Supreme Court’s 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona

Question 13

No Incorporation

Answer 13

An approach in which the states would be bound only by the dictates of due process contained in the 14th amendment

Question 14

Prior Restraint

Answer 14

(law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure

Question 15

Secular Regulation Rule

Answer 15

rule denying any constitutional right to exemption on free exercise grounds from laws dealing with nonreligious matters

Question 16

Slander

Answer 16

A false statement which harms the reputation of others and gives occasion for false judgments concerning them; same as calumny.

Question 17

Selective Incorporation Plus

Answer 17

The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to state and local governments.

Question 18

Subsequent Punishment

Answer 18

restrictions on freedom of the press that occur after material is published

Question 19

Probable Cause

Answer 19

(law) evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure

Question 20

symbolic speech

Answer 20

nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the first amendment.

Question 21

total incorporation

Answer 21

An approach arguing that the protections in the Bill of Rights were so fundamental that all of them should be applied to the states by absorbing them into the due process clause of the 14th amendment

Question 22

selective incorporation

Answer 22

Court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states