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bio 241 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (52 cards)

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1
Q

Spinal

A
  • extends from Foramen Magnum to the level of the disk between
    L1/L2 vertebrae
  • provides nervous pathways for nerve impulses between the
    Peripheral Nervous System and the Brain
  • provides simple integrative functions (reflexes)
  • 31 pair of spinal nerves come off of the cord to exit through the
    intervertebral foramen (8 pair of cervical, 12 pair of thoracic, 5
    pair of lumbar, 5 pair of sacral,1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves)
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2
Q

Protective Structures

A
  1. Vertebral Column
  2. Meninges:
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3
Q

Meninges

A

three connective tissue coverings that surround the Brain and
Spinal Cord

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4
Q

a. Dura Mater

A
  • outer most layer
  • anchors the meninges with in the spinal canal
  • Epidural Space = lies outside the Dura that is filled with
    fat and other connective tissues
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5
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • middle layer
  • Subdural Space = lies outside of the arachnoid mater,
    contains interstitial fluid (lymph)
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6
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • covers the surface of the Brain and Spinal Cord
  • Subarachnoid Space = lies outside of the Pia, contains
    Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Denticulate ligaments = thickened Pia Mater that project
    laterally to fuse with the Dura Mater, these act as a shock
    absorber
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7
Q

External Anatomy

A
  • roughly cylindrical
  • slightly flattened in the A-P dimension
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8
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

located between C4 and T1 vertebrae
- supplies nerves to the upper extremities

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9
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A

located between T9 and T12 vertebrae
- supplies nerves to the lower extremities

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10
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • located between L1 and L2 vertebrae
  • the end of the spinal cord
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11
Q

Filum Terminale

A

a fibrous band of Pia that extends from the Conus Medullaris to
the Coccyx
- anchors the spinal cord

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12
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • contains the nerves that leave the spinal cord then run
    inferiorly to exit from lower Intervertebral foramen
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13
Q

Cross Sectional Anatomy

A

Outer region
- is mostly white matter (myelinated fibers) providing nerve
impulse transmission to and from the Brain
- contains Posterior, Lateral and Anterior Columns
- Anterior Median Fissure
- Posterior Median Sulcus

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14
Q

Inner region

A

contains gray matter (non-myelinated neurons)
Note: The outer portion of the Brain contains gray matter while
the white matter is deep
- provides integrative functions
- contains the Anterior and Posterior Horns
- Gray Commissure and Central Canal (filled with CSF)

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15
Q

Associated Spinal Cord Structures

A

Posterior (Dorsal) Root
- made up of sensory neurons
- enters into the Posterior Horns
- Dorsal Root Ganglion = contains the cell bodies of the sensory
neurons
Note: Ganglion = a group of neuron cell bodies located outside the
CNS

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16
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

combination of Dorsal and Ventral Roots (a mixed nerve) that come
together in the intervertebral foramen

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17
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Root

A
  • made up of motor neurons
  • exits from the Anterior Horns
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18
Q

Spinal Cord Physiology

A

Sensory and Motor Tracts
- located in the Columns of the spinal cord
- Tract = a bundle of nerve axons in the CNS (as opposed to a nerve
which is located outside the CNS

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19
Q

Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic Tracts

A

convey nerve impulses assoc. with pain, temperature change, deep
pressure, etc…

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20
Q

Posterior Columns

A

convey nerve impulses assoc. with proprioception (position
sense), discriminitive touch, two point discrimination, light
pressure, vibration

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21
Q

Reflexes

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A
  1. Reflex = a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that
    occur in response to a particular stimulus
  2. Reflex Arc
    - the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex
    - components:
22
Q

Sensory Receptor

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A
  • a structure that responds to a specific stimulus
  • ex. touch
23
Q

Sensory Neuron

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A
  • carries the nerve impulse to the spinal cord
24
Q

Integrating Center

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A
  • located in the gray matter
    (1) Monosynaptic Reflex
  • simplest type
  • the sensory neuron synapses directly with the motor
    neuron
    (2) Polysynaptic Reflex
  • assoc. with two or more synapses
  • assoc. with Interneuron (a neuron located in the
    spinal cord) involvement
25
Monosynaptic Reflex
- simplest type - the sensory neuron synapses directly with the motor neuron
26
Polysynaptic Reflex
assoc. with two or more synapses - assoc. with Interneuron (a neuron located in the spinal cord) involvement
27
Motor Neuron
- carries the nerve impulse away from the spinal cord
28
Effector
the body part that responds to the nerve impulse - ex. muscle
29
Stretch Reflex
causes contraction of skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle
30
Ipsilateral
the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord on the same side that the motor impulse will leave (a monosynaptic reflex) - ex. a stretch reflex
31
Reciprocal Innervation
this prevents conflict between opposing muscles - while the agonist contracts the antagonist is inhibited
32
Tendon Reflex
leads to muscle relaxation when the stretch on tendons may lead to damage
33
Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
assoc. with withdrawal from a negative (painful) stimulus
34
Intersegmental Reflex Arc
the sensory impulse enters the spinal cord then ascends or descends in the cord
35
Crossed Extensor Reflex
assoc. with extension of joints on one side of the body while the flexors are contracting in the contralateral muscle
36
Contralateral Reflex Arc
nerve impulses enter the cord, cross over in the Gray Commissure, then exit on the opposite side of the cord
37
Spinal Nerves
a mixed nerve formed by a combination of the Ventral and Dorsal Roots
38
Connective Tissue Coverings
Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium
39
Endoneurium
- surrounds individual nerve fibers
40
Perineurium
surrounds bundles of nerve fibers - Fascicle = bundle of nerve fibers
41
Epineurium
- surrounds a group of fascicles = Nerve - this layer is continuous with the Dura Mater of the spinal cord
42
Plexus
- a network of nerves - ventral rami
43
a. Cervical Plexus
(C1 - C5) - the Phrenic Nerve (C3 - C5) which innervates the Diaphragm
44
Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1)
supplies innervation to the shoulder and upper limb
45
Lumbar Plexus (L1 - L4
supplies part of the abdominal walls, external genitalia, and part of the proximal lower limb
46
Sacral Plexus (L4 - S4)
- supplies innervation to the lower limb - Sciatic Nerve (L4 - S3) = largest nerve in the body which is made up of two separate nerves (Tibial and Common Fibular) Note: Sciatica = inflammation of the Sciatic Nerve
47
Intercostal Nerves
- ventral rami - innervate the intercostal spaces
48
Dermatomes
the area of the skin that provides sensory input through one pair of spinal nerves or Cranial nerve 5
49
Shingles
- an infection caused by the Herpes Zoster virus - this virus also causes Chicken Pox - this virus remains dormant in the Dorsal Root Ganglion - can cause skin eruptions along the infected nerve - lesions are acutely painful
50
Poliomyelitis = Polio
- caused by the Poliovirus - causes fever, severe headaches and muscle aches, weakness - can cause paralysis - virus can destroy motor neuron cell bodyies in the Anterior Horn - death associated with Respiratory or Heart failure - the virus is often transmitted by fecal-oral contamination(and Yeah it’s just what you think! Well, maybe not the way you think.
51
Neuritis
- inflammation of one or more nerves - causes pain along the pathway of the involved nerves - ex. Sciatica = neuritis of the Sciatic nerve
52
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
"Lou Gehrig's Disease" - disease that effect nerve cell bodies in the Anterior Horn and Brain (i.e. motor neurons) - leads to progressive muscle degeneration - person often retains most of their sensory stimulus - often begins in mid-life - a chronic, progressive disease _

bio 241 (7 decks)

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