chapter 13

Question 1

Prejudice

Answer 1

Drawing negative conclusions prior to evaluating the evidence

Question 2

OBEDIENCE

Answer 2

Adherence to orders from those of higher authority

Question 3

Size of majority

Answer 3

Only up to five or six people

Question 4

Door-in-the-face

Answer 4

starts big then backs off (works equally well as foot-in the-door)

Question 5

Self-perception theory

Answer 5

we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours

Question 6

Dual Processes Model

Answer 6

Two pathways to persuading others

Question 7

Altruism

Answer 7

Helping others for unselfish reasons

Question 8

Belief:

Answer 8

conclusion regarding factual evidence

Question 9

Explicit prejudice

Answer 9

Feelings we are aware of

Question 10

ultimate attribution error

Answer 10

attributing negative behaviour of some group entirely to their disposition

Question 11

Primary appraisal

Answer 11

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

Question 12

BYSTANDER NONINTERVENTION

Answer 12

When people see someone in need but fail to help them

Question 13

unanimity

Answer 13

in complete agreement

Question 14

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 14

implies that we have a need to see the world as fair, even if not

Question 15

Collective delusions

Answer 15

UFO outbreaks

Question 16

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 16

an unpleasant state of tension between two opposing thoughts

Question 17

Difference in Wrong Answer

Answer 17

Lower conformity if only one other person differed from the majority

Question 18

Low-ball technique

Answer 18

starts with a low price, then “adds-on “ all the desirable options

Question 19

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 19

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

Question 20

exhaustion (GAS)

Answer 20

Third stage of GAS. Depleted resources, susceptible to disease.

Question 21

Attitude

Answer 21

a belief that includes an emotional component

Question 22

MOBS

Answer 22

Makes us more likely to conform to whatever norms (good or bad) are present in the situation

Question 23

CONFORMITY

Answer 23

The tendency to alter our behaviour as a result of group pressure.

Question 24

hardy

Answer 24

change = challenge

Question 25

Mass hysteria

Answer 25

A contagious outbreak of irrational behaviour that spreads

Question 26

Foot-in-the-door

Answer 26

starts with small request and moves to a larger one

Question 27

DISCRIMINATION

Answer 27

The act of treating members of out-groups differently from members of ingroups

Question 28

alarm (GAS)

Answer 28

First stage of GAS. Body preparing rapidly to respond to threat.

Question 29

BYSTANDER EFFECT

Answer 29

The percentage helping when in groups lower than the percentage helping when alone

Question 30

Pluralistic ignorance

Answer 30

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

Question 31

STANFORD PRISON STUDY

Answer 31

just know prisoner guard, guards cruel had to stop after 6 days

Question 32

Recognition heuristic

Answer 32

a bias wherein humans place a higher value on something they recognize rather than something unfamiliar

Question 33

Need-to-belong theory:

Answer 33

biologically based need for interpersonal connections

Question 34

Social Psychology

Answer 34

Study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes

Question 35

CULTS

Answer 35

Groups that exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

Question 36

AGGRESSION

Answer 36

Behaviour intended to harm others verbally or physically

Question 37

Scapegoat hypothesis

Answer 37

arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Question 38

Implicit prejudice

Answer 38

feelings we are unaware of

Question 39

THE MILGRAM PARADIGM

Answer 39

Experimental procedure devised by Stanley Milgram for measuring obedience rates.

Question 40

GROUP THINK

Answer 40

An emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

Question 41

peripheral route

Answer 41

focuses on more surface aspects of the argument to persuade someone

Question 42

Impression management theory

Answer 42

we don't change our attitudes, but report that we have for consistency

Question 43

central route

Answer 43

focuses on informational content to persuade someone

Question 44

Deindividuation

Answer 44

Tendency to engage in atypical behaviour when stripped of your usual identity

Question 45

Conformity

Answer 45

going along with others' opinions

Question 46

Stress as a stimulus

Answer 46

measuring stress in terms of life changes (natural disasters)

Question 47

stress as a transaction

Answer 47

examines how people interpret and cope with stressful events

Question 48

Primary appraisal

Answer 48

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

Question 49

secondary appraisal

Answer 49

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

Question 50

Hassles

Answer 50

the daily annoyances of everyday life

Question 51

general adaption syndrome

Answer 51

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 52

Resistance (GAS)

Answer 52

Second stage of GAS. Body adapts to high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor.

Question 53

Behavioural control

Answer 53

taking action to reduce stress

Question 54

cognitive control

Answer 54

reappraising stressful events that cannot be avoided

Question 55

decisional control

Answer 55

ability to choose among alternative courses of action

Question 56

informational control

Answer 56

ability to acquire information about a stressful event

Question 57

emotional control

Answer 57

ability to suppress and express emotions

Question 58

flexible coping

Answer 58

ability to adjust coping strategies as the situation demands