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chapter 13 Flashcards

water-soluble vitamins (82 cards)

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1
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin C
Thiamin (B-1)
Riboflavin (B-2)
Niacin (B-3)
vitamin B-6
pantothenic acid
biotin
folate
B-12

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2
Q

bone health

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin C

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3
Q

Energy Metabolism

A

Thiamin
Riboflain
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Vitamin B-12

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4
Q

immune function

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin B-6

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5
Q

blood formation

A

vitamin B-6
Vitamin B-12
folate
Vitamin K

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6
Q

Gene Expression

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin. D

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7
Q

Antioxidant Defense

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Carotenoids
Riboflavin

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8
Q

Proteins and amino acid metabolism

A

Vitamin B-6
folate
vitamin B-12
Vitamin C
Choline
Riboflavin

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9
Q

why is it important to keep fruits and vegetables cold until eaten?

A

enzymes in fruits and vegetables begin to degrade vitamins once they are harvested. chilling limits this process

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10
Q

why is it important to refrigerate fruits and vegetables (except bananas, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, and fruit that is not fully ripened) in the vegetable crisper drawer or in plastic bags with tiny holes that allow food to breathe?

A

nutrients keep best at temperatures near freezing, at high humidity, and away from air

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11
Q

why is it important to trim, peel, and cut fruits and vegetables minimally just before eating?

A

oxygen breaks down vitamins faster when more of the food surface is exposed

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12
Q

why is it important to microwave, steam, stir-fry, sauté, or lightly cook fruits and vegetables?

A

more nutrients are retained when there is less contact with water and a shorter cooking time

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13
Q

why is it important to minimize cooking time and reheating?

A

prolonged cooking (slow simmering) and heat speed vitamin breakdown

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14
Q

why is it important to not add baking soda to vegetables (which enhances green color)

A

alkalinity destroys vitamin D, thiamin, and others

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15
Q

why is it important to store canned foods in a cool, dry place, store frozen foods at -32C/ 0F or lower?

A

careful storage protects vitamins

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16
Q

why is it important to eat canned and frozen foods within 12 months

A

vitamin content declines as storage time increases

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17
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

vitamins are cofactors that bind to apoenzymes to make holoenzymes

inactive enzyme (apoenzyme)
+
vitamin coenzyme
=
active enzyme
(holoenzyme)

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18
Q

which vitamins participate in every metabalism

A

all 8 B-vitmains

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19
Q

thiamin

A

-central carbon between 6 and 5 member rings
-thio=sulfur
amine=nitrogen
-cooking can destroy bond between central carbon and either ring

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20
Q

thiamin RDA and UL, sources

A

-1.2 mg nen; 1.1 mg women
-no. UL
-meat

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21
Q

thiamin absorption

A

-active transport (Na dependent)
-transported by red blood cells
-small amount stored in muscles
-excess thiamin filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine

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22
Q

thiamin functions

A

-required for metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids
-decarboxylation-removing carbon dioxide
-transketolase-transfer of carbons in pentose phosphate pathway

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23
Q

thiamin deficiency

A

-beriberi (I can’t I can’t) (weakness, weight loss, confusion, etc.)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics)(decreases absorption, increases excretion, diet low in thiamin)

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24
Q

riboflavin structure

A

-the “yellow enzyme”
-flavin means yellow in Latin
-three linked 6 member rings
-a sugar alcohol attached to the center ring

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25
riboflavin sources
-25% comes form milk products -enriched grains
26
why is riboflavin packaged in glass, plastic, or opaque material
-sensitive to UV light
27
riboflavin RDA, UL
-1.3 mg men, 1.1 mg women -no UL
28
riboflavin absorption
-Low Ph in the stomach releases riboflavin from proteins -active transport (major) and facilitated diffusion
29
riboflavin transportation
-carried by protein transporters -converted to coenzymes in most tissues
30
riboflavin storage
-small amount in liver, kidney, and heart
31
riboflavin excretion
filtered by kidney and eliminated in urine
32
riboflavin functions
-REDOX reactions -energy metaboslims ----succinate dehydrogenase ---Acytl CoA dehydrogenase -activation of B-vitmains ---conversion of tryptophan to niacin ---acitve B-6 requires FMN ---folatew metabolism -antioxidant synthesis ---glutathione production
33
riboflavin deficiency
aribinoflavinosis: -primarlily affects mouth, skin, and red blood cells -inflammation of tongue mouth and throat -develops 2 months after initial deficiency -low riboflavin in red blood cells decreased activity of glutathione reductase (basis of RDA)
34
who is at risk for riboflavin deficiency
alcoholics, malabsorption disorders, poor diets
35
what are the two forms of Niacin (vitamin B-3)
nicotinic acid (NADH) nicotinamide (NADPH)
36
Niacin sources
-synthesized from tryptophan 1g protein=10 mg tryptohpna 60 mg tryptohpan= 1mg niacin
37
Niacin absorption
-nearly all free niacin is absorbed -absorbed in stomach and small intestine by active transport and passive diffusion -free niacin is low in corn-must be treated with lye to free niacin -tranpsorted by proteins to liver for storage -excreted in the urine
37
niacin RDA, UL
16 mg men; 14 mg women UL= 35 mg
37
niacin functions
-REDOX reactions -energy metabolism -anabolic pathway use NADPH
37
niacin deficiency
-causes widespread damage -pellagra--Italian belle-skin, Agra-rough -identified by three D's (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia) -occured in Europe after domesticated corn was importated -200,000 Americans died from 1918-1945
38
who proved that pellagra is not an infections disease, but a dietary deficiency disease?
-Joseph Goldberg -investigating prisoners in the south -"filth parties" to prove theory
39
Niacin and blood lipids
-1.5-3g/day (75-150x RDA) nicotinic acid increases HDL, decreases LDL, TG -slow/reverse progression of atherosclerosis with diet, exercise -serious side effects: flushing of skin, itching, nausea, dizziness, liver damage, increase blood glucose
40
pantothenic acid structure, sources
functions: COA as acyl carrier at -SH end -AI based on intake adequate to replace urinary excretion (5 mg/day) -abundant in foods (Gree pantothen= everywhere), deficiency very rare
41
Pantothenic acid functions
-acetlyn CoA formation from: pyruvate, beta-oxidation, amino acids, alcohol -initiate the citric acid cycle -succinyl CoA in citric acid cycle -initiate fatty acid synthesis -part of Acyl Carrier protein (increase fatty acid chain length)
42
why is pantothenic acid central to metabolism?
-functions in a central location as a junction for metabolic pathways for each of the three macronutrients
43
why do humans excrete more biotin than they consume?
gut bacteria synthesize biotin
44
biotin overview
-linked in the 1920's to egg-white injury where rats developed rashes, lost fur, and became paralyzed -biotin can be free or covalently linked to lysine (requires biotinidase)
45
biotin RDA and UL
-30 ug/day AI -no UL -absorbed by sodium dependent channel -excreted in urine and bile -deficiency due to rare genetic disease-lack biotinidase
46
biotin functions
carboxylation reactions -pyruvate to oxaloacetate -fatty acid synthesis -catabolsim of amino acids
47
vitamin B-6 overview
3 forms -all can be phosphorylated and acitvated stored in muscle -meat, fish, and poultry are good sorces -fortified cereals needs -RDA 1.3 mg (adults under 50) -RDA 1.7 mg Men; 1.5 mg women upper limit -100 mg -causes nerve damage
48
Vitamin B-6 functions
-100 enzymatic reactions -meatbolsim ---amino acids (transanimation) ---withoiut vitamin B-6 all amino acids would be essential ---folate metaboslim -synthesis of compounds ---heme synthesis ---neurotransmitters (serotonina, dopamine, norepinephrine)
49
vitamin B6 pharmacological uses
carpal tunnel syndrome premenstrual syndrome nausea during pregnancy
50
what is folate latin for?
leaf -found in leafy green vegetables, avocados, oranges, fortified foods
51
what are the 3 parts of folate?
-pterdine -para-aminobenzoic acid -glutamate
52
folate needs
-400 DFE RDA -1 mg UL- masking B12 deficiency -processing destroys 50-90% of folate
53
dietary folate equivalents
1 DFE= 1 ug food folate=0.6 ug synthetic flate= 0.5 syntheitc on empty stomach DFE= uq food folate + (ug folic acid x 1.7)
54
folate absorption
-polyglutamates are cleaved -monoglutamte is absorbed through active transport -folate is trapped in cells by polyglutamination -excreted in urine and bile
55
folate functions
-transfer single carbon group -DNA synthesis (THFA required for thymine, adenosine, guanidine synthesis) -amino acid metabolism ---glycine to serine ---histidine to glutamte -neurotransmitters ---norepinephrine
56
folate deficiency
-once common in the US ---before fortification 30% deficient ---after fortification >1% deficient -increased need during pregnancy 600 DFE/day -megaloblastic or microcytic anemia
57
neural tube defects
-folate is critical to tube development -neural tube closes 21-28 days into pregnacy -decreased by 25% after folic acid fortification
58
vitamin B-12
-cobalamin -only reliable source is animal products -contains cobalt -6 nobel prizes
59
vitamin B-12 sources
-no reliable plant sources -vegans should use supplement or fortified cereal products -RDA 2.4 ug -No UL
60
vitamin B-12 absorption
-50% is absorbed -B-12 is bound to protein in food and released by HCL B-12 is bound in the stomach by R-protein (made in salivary glands) -B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (made in the stomach by parietal cells) -absorbed in the ileum -stored in the liver
61
vitamin B-12 functions
-required for 2 reactions -formation of methionine from homocysteine ---methyl donar -methyl malonyl mutase ---metaboslim of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons
62
vitamin B-12 deficiency
-macrocytic anemia ---occurs when body stores are depeleted ---smae as in folate deficiency -neurological changes ---nerve degeneration ---burning, tingling, numbness
63
vitamin B-12 deficiency
-elevated plasma homocyctine levels ---increased risk for heart attack and stroke ---supplementation with folate, B-12 and B-6 can decrease homocysteine levels at risk -ederly due to decreased absorption -vegetarians/vegans treatment -increase B-12 consumption -injections -B-12 nasal gel
64
what is severe malabsorption (insufficient intrinsic factor production) caused by?
pernicious anemia (an autoimmune disorder) gastrectomy (removal of all or part of the stomach) gastric bypass surgery
65
what is mild malabsorption (limited vitamin B-12 release form food) caused by?
-atrophic gastritis (may be caused by H. pylori infection) -gastric bypass surgery metformin -drugs that block stomach acid surgery
66
what is mild or severe malabsorption (disporders of the ileum) caused by?
-diseases of the small intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, intestinal overgrowth -surgical removal of the ileum
67
what is low vitamin B-12 dietary intake caused by?
-long term vegan or vegetarian diets -ingestion of breast milk form B-12 deficient mothers
68
vitamin C overview
-most animals synthesize vitamin C ---except primates, guniea pigs, fruit bats, and some birds -primaryily functions as an electron donor -both oxidized and reduced form are in the diet
69
vitamin C sources
-most fruits and vegetables, esp. citrus
70
which is the least stable vitamin
Vitamin C
71
what percentage of US population is deficient in vitamin C
6%
72
which group has a higher vitamin C requirement
smokers
73
RDA Vitamin C
90 mg/day
74
UL vitamin C
2 g/day based on GI distress
75
vitamin C absorption
-absorbed in the small intestine via active transport -absorption efficiency is inversely related to intake -stored in white blood cells, pituitary and adrenal glands, eyes, and brain
76
vitamin C functions
-REDOX reactions -collagen synthesis ---fibrous, structural protein ---vitamin C is a coenzyme that enables proline and lysine hydroxylation synthesis ---tyrosine, thyroxine, carnitine, norepinephrine, serotonin ---bile acids ---reduces iron or copper antioxidant ---recycle vitamin E iron absorption immune function ---high concentration in WBC ---data does not demonstrate that vitamin C increases immune function
77
vitamin C deficiency
-prevents synthesis of collagen -first signs appear 20-40 days on a deficient diet ---fatigue and pinpoint hemorrhaging ---gums and joints bleed -associated with poverty
78
what are the vitamin-like compounds?
-carnitine, taurine, inositol, lipolic acid --necessary to maintain normal metabolism or cell signaling ---deficiencies do not exist ---not considered essential nutrients ---no DRIs est.
79
carnitine
-needs met from animal foods and biosynthesis in liver: ---richest food sources are poultry, fish, and dairy -transports fatty acids from cytosol into mitochondria -aids mitochondria in removing excess organic aids -helps remove toxic amounts of compound built up in people with inborn errors of metabolism

NDFS 200 (4 decks)

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