Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
Freud’s Childhood Dream
A
Dream of tall, bird-faced figures carrying mother - Emotional even 30 years later
- Surface: fear of loss
- True meaning: sexual longing for mother
2
Q
Freud’s 3 Shocks to Human Ego
A
- Copernicus – Earth not center of universe
- Darwin – Humans not unique species
- Freud – Unconscious forces (not thought) influence behavior
3
Q
Monadology (Leibnitz)
A
- Monads = individual mental elements
- Range from unconscious to conscious
- Petite perceptions = lesser awareness
4
Q
Threshold of Consciousness (Herbart)
A
- Ideas compete for awareness
- Only compatible ones rise to consciousness
- Others remain unconscious
5
Q
Mind as Iceberg (Fechner)
A
- Suggested mind like an iceberg – mostly unconscious
- Freud adopted this metaphor
6
Q
History of Mental Illness Treatment
A
- Greek: disordered thought, used words
- Christianity: evil spirits, punishment
- 18th century: irrational behavior, institutionalized
7
Q
Philippe Pinel
A
- Freed chained patients, listened to them, recorded case histories
- Cure rates improved
8
Q
Dorothea Dix
A
- Religious, suffered depression
- Advocated for humane treatment and improved soldier care
9
Q
Benjamin Rush
A
- First U.S. psychiatrist
- Believed illness due to blood imbalance
- Used odd treatments like ice baths and chairs
10
Q
Somatic vs. Psychic Psychiatry
A
- Somatic: physical cause (e.g., brain lesions)
- Psychic: emotional/psychological causes – gained popularity
11
Q
Emmanuel Movement
A
- Elwood Worcester (trained with Wundt) led moral, talk-therapy based treatment
- Emphasized suggestion
12
Q
Franz Mesmer
A
- Believed in magnetic fields restoring nervous balance
- Discredited but remained influential
13
Q
Jean Martin Charcot
A
- Treated hysteria with hypnosis
- Believed cause was psychological
- Influenced Freud and coined “psychotherapy.
14
Q
Darwin’s Influence on Freud
A
- Emphasized unconscious, dreams, symbolism, and sexuality
- Influenced Freud’s child development theory
15
Q
Viennese Sexual Zeitgeist
A
- Freud wasn’t first to study sex
- Time was open to topics like prostitution, libido, and pornography
16
Q
Catharsis
A
- Originated with Aristotle
- Involves expressing repressed thoughts for healing
- Popular in 19th century Germany
17
Q
Dream Research Before Freud
A
- Wundt – external stimuli
- Charcot – hysteria trauma
- Krafft-Ebing – unconscious sexual wishes
- Calkins – dream content
- Freud synthesized it all
18
Q
Freud’s Infleunces and Writing
A
- Influenced by Breuer & Charcot
- Wrote key psychoanalysis works
19
Q
Freud’s Cocaine Use
A
- Used it in school, thought it was a miracle drug
- Koller used it for anesthesia
- Legal at the time
20
Q
Josef Breuer
A
- Older physician, mentored Freud
- Credited with co-founding psychoanalysis
- Discovery: semicircular canals
21
Q
Hysteria
A
- Physical symptoms with no physical cause
- Freud believed unconscious origin
- Others claimed it was faked
22
Q
Anna O.
A
- Bertha Pappenheim
- Symptoms traced back to trauma via hypnosis
- Called it the “talking cure.”
23
Q
Anna O. & Transference
A
- Transferred fatherly love to Breuer
- He withdrew; she relapsed
24
Q
Anna O. After Treatment
A
- Institutionalized, morphine addiction, recovered
- Became social worker & feminist
- Died after Nazi interrogation
25
Studies on Hysteria (1895)
* Freud & Breuer’s case studies
* Freud emphasized sex; Breuer disagreed
* Psychoanalysis formally began
26
Sexual Basis of Neurosis
* Freud believed hysteria stemmed from sexual issues
* Adopted Charcot’s and Breuer’s methods
* Stopped using hypnosis
27
Free Association
* Developed after hypnosis failed
* Clients lie back and say anything
* Childhood, abuse memories emerged
* Highlighted repressed sexuality
28
Childhood Seduction Theory
* Freud
* Neurosis caused by childhood sexual trauma
* Later recanted – experiences may not have occurred
29
Aetiology of Hysteria (1896)
* Freud’s paper claiming sexual abuse caused symptoms
* Rejected by psychiatry
* Krafft-Ebing called it fantasy
30
Freud’s Dynamic Mind Model
* Conscious – current thoughts
* Preconscious – accessible memories
* Unconscious – repressed thoughts, dreams allow access
31
Dream Analysis
* Dreams = route to unconscious
* Freud believed they reveal repressed desires
32
What method did Freud use to uncover unconscious material?
Free association
33
What is free association?
Saying whatever comes to mind without censorship
34
What was Freud’s interpretation of dreams?
Expressions of repressed desires in symbolic form
35
What is condensation in dream analysis?
One dream element represents multiple ideas
36
What is displacement in dreams?
An anxiety-producing topic is
replaced by a symbol (e.g., train tunnel)
37
What concept explains why patients block memories?
Resistance
38
What causes resistance in therapy?
Repression of painful material
39
What are instincts in Freud’s theory?
- The motivating forces of personality
- Not an ‘instinct’ in how we perceive it today (not inherited)
- Mental representations of internal stimuli
(like hunger) that motivate personality and
behaviour
40
What is the life instinct called?
* Eros
* Drive for ensuring survival of the individual by satisfying the needs for food, water, air, and sex
* Leads to a tendency to ‘build things up’
41
What is libido?
Psychic energy of life instincts
42
What is the death instinct?
Thanatos—drive toward destruction/aggression
## Footnote
Directed inward = suicide
Outward = aggression
43
Id
- The dark and inaccessible part of our
personality
- Resides solely in the unconscious
- Pleasure Principle: reducing tension
through seeking pleasure/reducing pain
44
Ego
* The mediator between the Id and the Superego
* The ‘thinking’ level of personality
* The ego is keenly aware of reality and the expectations of society
* Reality principle: postpones Id’s gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
45
What is the Superego?
* The representation of morality
* Develops early on in life via rewards and
punishment from parents
* Punished behaviours become part of the
Superego
* Rewarded behaviours become part of the
Ego
* Superego attempts to inhibit the Id
46
What causes anxiety according to Freud?
Conflict between Id, Ego, and Superego.
47
What are defense mechanisms?
Unconscious tactics to reduce anxiety.
48
Common Defense Mechanisms
1. Denial: denying the existence of a threat or trauma
2. Displacement: shifting impulses from an unavailable
object to an available one
3. Projection: attributing a disturbing impulse to someone
else instead of yourself
4. Rationalization: reinterpreting behaviour to make it
more acceptable or less threatening
5. Reaction Formation: expressing an Id impulse that is the
opposite of the impulse actually driving the person
6. Regression: retreating to an earlier, less frustrating
period of life and displaying childish/dependence
behaviours
7. Repression: burying the existence of something that is
causing anxiety
8. Sublimation: diverting Id impulses into energy that is
more socially acceptable
49
Freud - Mechanism & Determinism
Freud influenced by mechanistic ideas:
* All mental events, even dreams, are predetermined
* Nothing occurs by chance or free will
50
Why was psychoanalysis rejected by psychologists?
Seen as unscientific and unfalsifiable
51
Freud Theories Supported by Research
- Characteristics of the oral and anal personality types
- Castration anxiety
- The notion that dreams reflect emotional concerns
- Some aspects of Oedipus complex (e.g., rivalry with father)
52
Freud Theories Not Supported by Research
* Symbolism of dreams
* The Oedipus complex and male identification with father
* Women’s issues with body image
* Women’s identity and superego
* Personality formation by age five
53
Main criticism of Freud’s method?
Based on uncontrolled, biased case studies
54
Key contribution of psychoanalysis?
Emphasized unconscious and internal mental life
