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Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Is computer memory similar to human memory?

A

Not really. Computer memory is literal, while human memory is conceptual and flexible. Human memory is a much more dynamic system than computer memory.

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2
Q

What are the types of memory?

A

Sensory, Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Long-Term Memory

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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Stimuli from senses, unlimited capacity, and lasts about one second.

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4
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Lasts several seconds and has capacity for around 7 things.

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5
Q

What is the difference between working and short term memory?

A

Working memory is active memory. It is involved in mental manipulation and focus.

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6
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Where memories end up to be stored. Information can last years and it has a nearly unlimited capacity.

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7
Q

What are the main types of long term memory?

A

Implicit, explicit, and semantic memory.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

It is unconscious and indescribable memory. It is the memory of skills, and ideas that prime future actions. It is the memory that allows for classical conditions (subconscious associations between things).

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10
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Memory for past evants. It acts like a movie and you can recall and described precise details.

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11
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

It is the memory for facts. It helps organize the world into categories.

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12
Q

What is the basic progression of memory?

A

Sensory > Shot term > long term

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13
Q

What processes underlie memory?

A

Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval, and reconsolidation.

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14
Q

What is encoding?

A

IT gets information into your memory from sensory to STM and WM and from STM to LTM.

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15
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Strengthens memory from STM to LTM

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16
Q

What is storage?

A

Houses the information.

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17
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Gets the memory back from LTM to STM/WM and makes it malleable.

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18
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

It saves the changes made after retrieval. Goes back from STM to LTM.

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19
Q

What is the neural process underlying working memory?

A

DLPMC > ACC > Basal ganglia > Posterior parietal cortex > occipital (for visual) or broca/wernicke (for speech)

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20
Q

What are the neural processes underlying sensory memory?

A

It is processed in the relevant secondary association area. For iconic memory it is the visual cortex, for echoic memory it is the auditory cortex. This is where preprocessing of information before encoding happens.

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21
Q

What neural processes underlie short-term memory?

A

PFC > ACC (attention)

22
Q

What do the hippocampus and amygdala do for memory?

A

Consolidation and retrieval.

23
Q

What does the entorhinal cortex do for memory?

A

Input to hippocampus.

25
What does the fornix do for memory?
Output from hippocampus.
26
What do the mammillary bodies do for memory?
Consolidation, processing, and storage.
27
Pathway for memory
Stimuli > secondary association area (sensory memory) > ACC > PFC > etorhinal cortex > hippocampus and amygdala > fornix > mammillary bodies > thalamus > cortex. | This is before retrieval
28
What is the pathway for memory retrieval and reconsolidation?
cortex > hippocampus and amygdala > working memory > back to hippocampus and amygdala > cortex for storage
29
What are engrams
The neural substrates of memory AKA memory cells. Distinct groups that comprise different memories.
30
How do engrams work?
Many cells are activated and some are selected to be the memory for an event.
31
How do memories work at the synaptic level?
When two neurons are repeatedly activated together, their synaptic connection will grow stronger.
32
What do Hebbian synapses do?
They act together to store memory traces.
33
What is Long term potentiation (LTP)
The process of strengthening synaptic connections. This is thought to underlie learning.
34
Long term potentiation pathway (VERY LONG)
glutamate at hippocampus synampses binds to AMPA and NMDA (only activates AMPA) > Na channels open depolarizing the post-synaptic cell > NMDA receptors are inactive because of a magnesium ion blocking their channels > repeated excitation of cells results in large glutamate release > stronger stimulation of AMPA depolarizes the membrane > Magnesium is repelled > NMDA receptors are open and Calcium enters > Calcium influx activates intracellular enzymes causing changes in AMPA receptors > Calcium activates messenger systems, sending retrograde signals to enhance glutamate release from presynaptic terminal > Up-regulation at post-synaptic membrane leads to greater excitability > enhanced glutamate release increases overal excitability
35
LTP flow (smaller)
glutamate > AMPA and NMDA > Sodium channels open > post-synaptic depolarization > repeated excitation > glutamate > repel magnesium > NMDA open > Calcium > up-regulation of AMPA > increased excitation.
36
How does LTP mimic learning?
You need large amounts of practice to start understanding things. The first little bit won't do much.
37
How do implicit and explicit memory differ?
They work largely the same, but implicit memory involves the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and PFC.
38
39
What does the basal ganglia do for implicit memory?
Procedural memory
40
What does the cerebellum do for implicit memory?
Conditioning
41
What does the PFC do for implicit memory?
Priming
42
Why aren't NMDA receptors activated by low levels of glutamate?
Because they have a magnesium ion blocking the receptor that needs large amounts of glutamate to be pushed out.
43
How are NMDA receptors different from other types of receptors?
They have that magnesium ion blocking them, and they can cause long-lasting effects which isn't common among ionotropic receptors.
44
How does forgetting work?
The memory engram switches to an unretrievable state. It is still there but it is unaccessible.
45
How does long term depression affect memory?
Low amounts of glutamate are released, meaning most NMDA receptors aren't acitvated. This decreases excitability and can make it harder to retrieve specific memories.
46
What is active forgetting?
Using DAMB receptors after DA1 receptors stop firing and initiated forgetting unless the info is consolidated.
47
How does voluntary forgetting work (brain-waves level)?
The PFC is connected to the hippocampus and makes brain waves we can measure via EEG. During forgetting, the PFC switches the hippocampus brain waves to a different frequency (6-18 Hz).
48
What is amnesia and its types?
Amnesia: a severe memory impairment. Retrograde amnesia: loss of memories formed before onset. Anterograde amnesia: inability to fomr memories after onset of a disorder.
49
What is Korsakoff's Syndrome?
A degenerative disease characterized by memory deficiency in recal and formation and lack of thiamine (seen in chronic alcoholism). Patients often confabulate (fill gaps with falsification
50
What is PTSD?
Intense, disturbing thoughts related to a memory. Its caused by cortisol levels damaging the hippocampus and leads to an inability to forget and substance abuse provlems.
51
What is Alzheimer's
Progressive loss of memory, retrograde then anterograde. Leads to impaired thinking and planning, brain plaques/tangles, and brain shrinkage.
52
What are some things that enhance memory?
Memory palace (uses visualization to enhance memory), smelling lots of things, connecting memory to cues and emotions.

neuroscience (13 decks)

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