Chapter 13

Question 1

What is molarity?

Answer 1

Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution.

Question 2

What is the formula for calculating molarity?

Answer 2

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution.

Question 3

What is a solute?

Answer 3

A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Question 4

What is a solvent?

Answer 4

A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

Question 5

True or False: Water is the most common solvent.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

What are the properties of acids?

Answer 6

Acids typically have a sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red, and can donate protons (H+ ions).

Question 7

What are the properties of bases?

Answer 7

Bases typically have a bitter taste, turn red litmus paper blue, and can accept protons (H+ ions).

Question 8

What is the pH scale?

Answer 8

The pH scale is a numerical scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Question 9

What is the range of the pH scale?

Answer 9

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.

Question 10

What pH value indicates a neutral solution?

Answer 10

A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution.

Question 11

What is the pOH scale?

Answer 11

The pOH scale measures the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

Question 12

How are pH and pOH related?

Answer 12

pH + pOH = 14.

Question 13

What is the formula to calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration?

Answer 13

pH = -log[H+].

Question 14

What does a pH less than 7 indicate?

Answer 14

A pH less than 7 indicates an acidic solution.

Question 15

What does a pH greater than 7 indicate?

Answer 15

A pH greater than 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution.

Question 16

What is a strong acid?

Answer 16

A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in solution, releasing all of its hydrogen ions.

Question 17

What is a weak acid?

Answer 17

A weak acid only partially dissociates in solution.

Question 18

Give an example of a strong acid.

Answer 18

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an example of a strong acid.

Question 19

Give an example of a weak acid.

Answer 19

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is an example of a weak acid.

Question 20

What is a strong base?

Answer 20

A strong base is one that completely dissociates in solution, releasing all of its hydroxide ions.

Question 21

What is a weak base?

Answer 21

A weak base only partially dissociates in solution.

Question 22

Give an example of a strong base.

Answer 22

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is an example of a strong base.

Question 23

Give an example of a weak base.

Answer 23

Ammonia (NH3) is an example of a weak base.

Question 24

True or False: Acids can conduct electricity in solution.

Answer 24

True.

Question 25

What is the role of indicators in acid-base chemistry?

Answer 25

Indicators are substances that change color in response to the pH of a solution.

Question 26

What does it mean if a solution has a pH of 3?

Answer 26

It means the solution is acidic.

Question 27

What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in a neutral solution?

Answer 27

In a neutral solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions is 1 x 10^-7 M.

Question 28

What is the logarithmic nature of the pH scale?

Answer 28

Each whole number change on the pH scale represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 29

What is the significance of a pH of 0?

Answer 29

A pH of 0 indicates a highly concentrated acidic solution.

Question 30

What is the significance of a pH of 14?

Answer 30

A pH of 14 indicates a highly concentrated basic solution.

Question 31

What is the dissociation constant (Ka)?

Answer 31

Ka is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid in water.

Question 32

What is the dissociation constant (Kb)?

Answer 32

Kb is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of a base in water.

Question 33

True or False: A lower pKa value indicates a stronger acid.

Answer 33

True.

Question 34

True or False: A higher pKb value indicates a stronger base.

Answer 34

False.

Question 35

What is the relationship between pKa and Ka?

Answer 35

pKa = -log(Ka).

Question 36

What is the relationship between pKb and Kb?

Answer 36

pKb = -log(Kb).

Question 37

What is a buffer solution?

Answer 37

A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

Question 38

What components typically make up a buffer solution?

Answer 38

A buffer solution typically consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Question 39

How does temperature affect pH?

Answer 39

Temperature can affect pH because the dissociation of water changes with temperature, altering the concentrations of H+ and OH-.

Question 40

What is the effect of dilution on the pH of a strong acid?

Answer 40

Dilution of a strong acid will increase its pH, making it less acidic.

Question 41

What is the effect of dilution on the pH of a strong base?

Answer 41

Dilution of a strong base will decrease its pH, making it less basic.