Chapter 13

Question 1

false belief task

Answer 1

the understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs, and can influence behavior.

Question 2

theory of mind

Answer 2

understanding that people have mental states such as desires, beliefs, and intentions and that these mental states guide their behavior.

Question 3

belief desire psychology

Answer 3

progressed around the age of 4, appreciating that people do what they do because they desire certain things and because they believe that certain actions will help them fulfill these desires.

Question 4

mirror neurons

Answer 4

neurons that are activated both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else perform the same action.

Question 5

social perspective-taking skills

Answer 5

the ability to adopt another peron’s perspective and understand her thoughts and feelings in relations to your own.

Question 6

3 basic components of morality.

Answer 6

1. the affective, or emotional component.
2. the cognitive component centers on how we conceptualize right and wrong.
3. the behavioral component reflects how we behave when we experience the temptation to cheat or how we want ourselves to be perceived by others.

Question 7

moral effect

Answer 7

emotions related to matters of right and wrong (anxiety because you know its wrong

Question 8

empathy

Answer 8

vicarious experiencing of another person’s feelings.

Question 9

prosocial behavior

Answer 9

positive social acts, like helping or sharing.

Question 10

Research supports 3 main themes from Freud’s theory.

Answer 10

1. moral emotions are important part of morality and motivate moral behavior.
2. early relationships with parents contribute to moral development.
3. children must somehow internalize moral standards if they are to behave morally even when no authority figure is present.

Question 11

Moral reasoning

Answer 11

the thinking process involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong.

Question 12

Piaget’s theory of moral development (1 period and 2 stages)

Answer 12

• the premoral period which is during preschool years, where kids show little understanding or awareness to rules.
• heteronomous morality is when children 6-10 years take rules seriously, fear fueled.
• autonomous morality is at age 10 or 11 where they appreciate that rules are agreements between individuals.

Question 13

First level and stages of moral reasoning

Answer 13

• Level 1: preconventional morality- perspective of self dominates, and child obeys authority for personal rewards. —-Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation- the behavior depends on the consequences.
• -Stage 2: instrumental hedonism- obeys rules to satisfy personal needs.

Question 14

Second level and stages of moral reasoning

Answer 14

• Level 2: Conventional Morality- internalized rules and obeys for approval at first, but later grows to maintain for social order.
• -stage 3: “Good boy” or “Good girl” morality- what is right is now what pleases or is approved by others.
• -stage 4: authority and social order0 maintaining morality- now what is right is what conforms to the rules of legitimate authorities and is good on a whole.

Question 15

Third level and stages of moral reasoning

Answer 15

• Level 3: Postconventional Morality- defines what is right in terms of principles of justice apart from view of particular authority figures.
• -stage 5: Morality of Contract, individual rights and democratically accepted law- understanding underlying purposes served by laws and concern the rules should arrive through democratic consensus.
• -stage 6: Morality of individual principles of conscience- highest stage; defines right and wrong on the basis of self generated principles tat are broad and universal.