Chapter 13

Question 1

Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, parasitic worms

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

One normal body cell whose genetic changes cause unregulated cell division

Answer 2

Cancer cells

Question 3

Nonspecific; keep foreign organisms or molecules out

Answer 3

Physical and chemical surface barriers

Question 4

Nonspecific; attack any foreign organism or molecule that has gotten past the surface barriers

Answer 4

Internal cellular and chemical barriers

Question 5

Specific; destroy specific targets and remember them

Answer 5

Immune resposne

Question 6

A physical barrier that is nearly impenetrable; waterproof; resistant to most toxins and enzymes of invading organisms

Answer 6

Skin

Question 7

A physical barrier that links the respiratory and digestive tracts; sticky mucus traps microbes

Answer 7

Mucous membranes

Question 8

Chemical barrier; produces chemicals that slow or prevent growth of bacteria

Answer 8

Sweat and oil glands of the skin

Question 9

Chemical barrier; produces hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens

Answer 9

Lining of stomach

Question 10

Chemical barrier; slows bacterial growth with acidity; washes microbes from urethra

Answer 10

Urine

Question 11

A chemical barrier that contains lysozyme, an enzyme that kills bacteria

Answer 11

Saliva or tears

Question 12

Engulf pathogens (multiple types), type of WBC

Answer 12

Phagocytes

Question 13

Arrive first

Answer 13

Neutrophils

Question 14

Develop from monocytes that leave the circulatory system

Answer 14

Macrophages

Question 15

Attack pathogens that are too large from phagocytosis, such as parasitic worms

Answer 15

Eosinophils

Question 16

Also a type of WBC; search out abnormal cells, including cancer cells, and kill them

Answer 16

Natural killer cells

Question 17

Slow viral infection; small proteins secreted by a cell infected by a virus

Answer 17

Interferon

Question 18

Assists other defensive mechanisms; group of proteins that enhances both nonspecific and specific defense mechanims

Answer 18

Complement system

Question 19

Destroys invaders and helps repair and restore damaged tissue

Answer 19

Inflammation

Question 20

Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain

Answer 20

Four signs of inflammation

Question 21

Mast cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate blood flow to area increases

Answer 21

Redness

Question 22

Temperature rises

Answer 22

Heat

Question 23

Histamine causes capillaries to become leaky and fluid seeps into tissues

Answer 23

Swelling

Question 24

Can be caused by excess fluid, bacterial toxins, prostaglandins

Answer 24

Pain

Question 25

An abnormally high body temperature caused by pyrogens

Answer 25

Fever

Question 26

Has specific responses and memory

Answer 26

Adaptive Immune System

Question 27

Molecules found on our own cells that label cells as "self", used by immune system to distinguish cells of your body from foreign invaders

Answer 27

Major histocompatibility markers (MHC)

Question 28

Non Self substance or organism that triggers an immune response, often found on surface of invader

Answer 28

Antigens

Question 29

WBCs, responsible for specificity and memory of the adaptive immune response

Answer 29

Lymphocytes

Question 30

Form and mature in bone marrow

Answer 30

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 31

Form in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland ,recognize MHC self markers

Answer 31

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Question 32

Defend against antigens that are free in body fluids, including toxins or extracellular pathogens

Answer 32

Antibody-mediated immune response

Question 33

Protect against cancer cells and body cells that have become infected with viruses or other pathogens

Answer 33

Cell-mediated immune response

Question 34

8 Steps of the Adaptive Immune Response

Answer 34

Threat, Detection, Alert, Alarm, Building specific defenses, Defense, Continued Surveillance, Withdrawal of forces

Question 35

The body produces memory B cells and T cells following exposure to an antigen

Answer 35

Active immunity

Question 36

Results when a person receives antibodies that were produced by another person or animal, short-lived

Answer 36

Passive immunity

Question 37

A group of identical antibodies that bind to one specific antigen, used in research

Answer 37

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 38

Occur when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and nonself and attacks tissues or organs of the body

Answer 38

Autoimmune disorder

Question 39

Overreaction by the immune system to an antigen

Answer 39

Allergies

Question 40

Five classes of antibodies, each with a special role to play in protecting against invaders

Answer 40

Immunoglobulin, IgG,M,E,A,D

Question 41

Extreme allergic reaction that can be fatal, caused by pooling of blood in capillaries

Answer 41

Anaphylactic shock