Chapter 13 Flashcards
(91 cards)
0
Q
Venice
A
Overseas trade
Shipbuilding
1
Q
Renaissance
A
Cultural achievements of 14-16 century
Rest on economic/political developments of earlier centuries
2
Q
Genoa
A
Crossroads of trade between east and west
Shipbuilding
3
Q
Milan
A
Crossroads of trade between east and west
4
Q
Florence
A
Wool industry - major factor in financial expansion and population increase
First artistic/literary manifestations of IR appeared here
Papal banking - ex. Medici family
Enormous wealth
Economic foundations were strong
-Kind Edward III repudiated debts Black Death and labor unrest didn’t change the stability
-landlocked city
5
Q
Communes
A
Northern Italian cities
-independence from nobles
Nobles settled in cities afterwards -trade Urban real estate Public offices Marriages
6
Q
Urban nobility
A
Groups tied by -Blood -Economic interests -Social connections who fought for their rights
7
Q
Popoplo
A
People excluded from power b/c of social restrictions
- wanted places in govt
- used armed forces/violence
- wanted republican govt
- failed to establish civil order
- despots and oligarchies formed and ruled Italian city states
8
Q
Princely court
A
Signori/oligarchy - facade of republican govt
Allowed oligarch to flaunt wealth
Renaissance - nostalgia for roman govt and shrewdness
9
Q
What hindered the development of one unified state
A
Italians attachment to individual city states
10
Q
5 main powers
A
Venice Milan Florence Papal States Kingdom of Naples
-governed as monarchs
11
Q
Venice - power
A
International power
Oligarchy of merchant aristocrats
12
Q
Milan power
A
Despots of Sforza family
13
Q
Florence power
A
Authority in several state councils
Authority held by Medici banking family
14
Q
Papal States / Central Italy power
A
Pope Alexander VI
- son Cesare Borgia - reasserted papal authority in the papal lands
- model for The Prince
15
Q
Naples power - southern Italy and sometimes Sicily
A
Disputed between aragonese and French
-passed to Aragon
16
Q
Northern Europe v Italy
A
NE - centralization/consolidation
I - power city states conquered the weak
17
Q
Renaissance Italians invented machinery of modern
A
Diplomacy
Resident ambassador - permanent embassies in capitals
- monitoring of relations and commercial ties
18
Q
What set Italy up for invasion
A
Venice Florence Milan and papacy had great achievement but inability to form a common alliance
19
Q
Savonarola
A
Denounced paganism
Moral vice of Florence
Medici govt
And pope Alexander VI corruption
- religious leader of Florence
- contributed to fall of Medici dynasty
- symbolized internal instability
20
Q
Why did French King Charles VIII invade itality in 1494?
- Florence Rome Naples
A
Italy
- focus of intl ambitions
- battleground of foreign armies
21
Q
League of Cambrai
A
Louis XII + pope + German emperor
-purpose of stripping rich Venice of its mainland possessions
22
Q
Habsburg-Valois War
A
French v German in Italy
23
Q
Petrarch
A
Father of IR
-Germanic invasions caused a cultural outbreak and started the Dark ages
24
Individualism
- secular
- quest for glory
- full development of one's ability
Ex. Alberti and Cellini
25
Humanism
- skeptical of authority
- looked to classics (Greek/roman) to understand human nature
- literary culture considered to be educated and civilized
- increasing lay phenomenon
- human potentional
- rhetoricians
26
Difference bw renaissance humanists and medieval ones
RH - more self conscious about what they were doing and stressed realization of human potential
27
Secularism
- material world > spiritual one
- attention concentrated in acquiring material things
- usury - lending money at interest
- worried about profits for comfortable life than values
- increased in society
- most still remained Christian
28
Humanist Valla
Proved On False Donation of Constantine a forgery
| -weakened papal authority
29
Boccaccio - Decameron
Portrays acquisitive and worldly society
30
Why did church leaders not combat the secular spirit?
They were already rich and fostered the worldly attitude rather than opposing it
31
What two cities lead the way in arts?
Florence and Rome (HighR)
R
-DA Vinci
Michealango
-Raphael
32
Early R Italy art
Manifested corporate power
| -powerful urban groups (guilds/religious fraternities) commissioned
33
Middle Ages Art subject
Overwhelming religious
34
Later 15 century subject
Individuals/ oligarchs glorifying themselves and family - wealth
-became more secular
35
Art reveals changing patterns of ----- in R Italy
Consumption (consumer habits)
36
Giotto
Realism painter
37
Masaccio
Father of modern painting
| - narrative power
38
Intl style
```
Rich color
Description
Detail
Forms
Curvilinear Rhythms
```
39
Donatello
Greatest influence of florentine artist
| -variety of human nature
40
Artists in R
Status improved
- worked under princes not public
- economic security + great wealth
- respected/rewarded
41
R culture
Technological innovation - printing
Shift in women status
Number of slaves
42
Castiglione - courtier
Courtly ideal of gentlemen
| Became model for European gentlemen
43
R humanism allowed for a ---- advance for women
Education
44
Ceres
Said women's inferiority was characterized by themselves
Jewelry symbolized captivity
Condemned empty women
45
The prince
Subject : political power
Humans - out to advance themselves
Prince - use manipulation when necessary
- political action cannot be restricted by moral considerations
46
Medieval political theory
1 state rose as consequence of Adams fall and people's propensity to sin
2 high moral / Christian standards for rulers
47
Significance of Machiavelli
1 permanent social order reflecting gods will cannot be established
2 politics has it's own laws and ought to be a science
48
Paper
Gutenberg Fust Schöffer
China - Arabs - Western Europe
Govts - declarations of war treaties battle accounts
Propaganda - differences on society (ex classes)
-basis for formation of political parties
49
Print
1st religious
Then morals medicine practical travel and porn
-bridged gap between written and oral cultures
50
Time
Europeans - mechanical clock
Arabs - sundials
Monastic/rural world - bells
51
Quantification - precise measurements of days hours
Buying and selling - initiated the process
- mechanical clocks
- invoked a visual/quantitative view
52
Women's work
Venetian arsenal - sails
Florentine - textiles
Lyon - ferry device
Dubrovnik - female slaves
-helped agriculturally throughout Europe
53
Status of upper class women -----
Declined
Humanist Alberti and Vives + Smith - women's role should be the household
Noblewomen - managed household & court
-servants, children, and condition of the serfs o
54
Women sexuality
Double standard
Rape not taken seriously
- seen as property + mild punishment
55
Florentine govt - office of the night
Went after men engaging in sodomy
56
Slaves used as...
Commodities and cheap labor
57
Slaves were unfree persons of
Slavic background
- Prague bohemian polish
58
-------replaced domestic servants in Portugal and Venice
Blacks
59
What roles did blacks play in R society
Few managed freedom - went back to Africa
- wide dispersion of blacks and benign pattern of Albert
- lack of black slave revolts
60
Slave trade was used by Africa leaders in order to get more
Revenue and goods
61
Genoa Venice (slaves)
14 C Mediterranean slave trade
| - Black Death labor shortage
62
Black servants (women) were symbols of
Wealth
63
North Europe Humanists based on
Christian beliefs
64
Christian humanists believed
Elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined
Stressed use of reason
Impatient with scholastic philosophy - thought human nature could be improved by education
65
More - Utopia
1 absolute social equality
2 basic problems in society caused by greed
3 live by reason
4 institutions are perfect
- acquisitiveness and private property promoted all sorta of vices and civil disorders
- key to improvement/ reform of individual = reform of social institutions
66
Dutch humanist Erasmus + themes
Scholar with intl reputation
-publication include Greek New Testament
Themes
1 education is means to reform
2 philosophy of Christ
Christ is what he said/did, not what theologians have written
67
French human Rabelais
- secular
- comic
- satire
- gargantua and pantagruel
68
Similarities E R M
E R satirized hypocritical/pompous
| M R in institution was education was key to moral and healthy life
69
------ characterized Northern art and architecture
Religion
70
Van der Weyden & van Eycj
Flemish artist equals of Italian painters
71
Rulers utilized ----- to rebuild their govt
Aggressive methods implied by R political ideas
72
Louis XI
Henry VII
Ferdinad/Isabella in Psian
Monarchs w/
Royal authority
National purpose
MEmphasized royal majesty and royal sovereignty
Suppressed opposition and rebellion
73
R rulers tended to rely on ----
Middle class civil servants
74
Charles VII France
Reconciled the Burgundians and armagnacs
```
Recognized royal council
(Increased power to middle class men)
```
Put taxes on (gabelle) salt and land
75
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
General council superior to papacy
76
Louis XI - Charles son France
Money based
Promoted industries
Improved army
Stopped aristocratic brigandage and cut into urban independence
77
Two developments that strengthened French monarchy
1 marriage of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany
-added western duchy of Brittany
2 Concordat of Bologna
- revoked Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
- pope - 1st years income on new bishops and abbots
- French rulers - right to select French bishops and abbots
78
Henry VI England
Authority of monarch sunk
79
Yorkist Edward IV
Established domestic tranquility
Conducted foreign pilot on basis of diplomacy
- did not depend on parliament for money
- cut down aristocratic influence
80
Royal council
```
Middle class
Governed at national level
```
81
Court of star chamber
- Where royal council discussed serious threats with treacherous punishment a
- led to decline of aristocrats behaving
82
Justices of the peace
Held order in local govt
83
Tudors
```
Relied on justices of peace
-got support of upper middle class through political interest directed at them
```
84
Spain govt
Loose confederation of kingdoms of Castile and Aragon
85
Spain royal council
-To curb aristocratic power
Middle class
Supervision of local authorities
86
Revenues from ecclesiastical states for Spain allowed them to
Raise an army
Continue Reconquista
Conquering of Granada and Navarre
87
Jews
Supported royal power
Sought refuge in Spain after being expelled from France and England
88
Inquisition purpose
Discover/punish converted Jews/Conversos
(later Muslims, Protestants)
Who were insincere
89
Anti semitism in Spain
40% of Jews killed/forced to convert
90
Giorgio Vasari
Italian art historian
Wrote about rebirth of art in 15/16 century
First introduced term renaissance
