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Brain And Cranial Nerves > Chapter 13 and 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 and 14 Flashcards

0
Q

Where is the arachnoid mater

A

Under the Dura Mater

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1
Q

What is the Dura Mater

A

The most superficial brain layer, thick/tough layer firmly attached to the inner layer of the skull.

It is divided into the PERIOSTEAL LAYER and the MENINGEAL LAYER

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2
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Inferior to the arachnoid mater

Contains many blood vessels and the cerebrospinal fluid that feeds the brain

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3
Q

Pia Mater

A

Thin, highly vascular layer that closely adheres with the brain.

Provides most of the blood supply to the brain and selects which blood constituents can enter the brain.

Forms the Blood Brain Barrier, because the capillary walls block certain substances from entering the brain

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear liquid that fills ventricles and canals

Brain produces and absorbs @ 500ml/day

150ml circulate at any one time and takes @ 6 hours to cycle through

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5
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

1) buoyancy- floats brain so it is neutrally buoyant
2) protection- cushions brain from hitting inside of skull
3) chemical stability- rinses away wastes, provides optimal chemical environment for neuronal signaling

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6
Q

Brain damage due to interrupted blood flow

A

@ 10 seconds- loss of consciousness

@ 1-2 min- impairs brain function

@ 4 min- irreversible brain damage

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7
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Highly permeable to H2O, glucose, and lipid soluble substances (alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, anesthetics)

In places with no BBB, the brain monitors fluctuations in pH, osmolarity

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8
Q

Limbic System

A

Center of emotion and learning

Controls emotion and memory

Controls gratification and aversion

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9
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12

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10
Q

Provides sense of smell

A

Olfactory Nerve

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11
Q

Provides Vision

A

Optic Nerve

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12
Q

Provides some eye movement, opening of eyelid, construction of pupil, focusing

A

Oculomotor Nerve

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13
Q

Provides eye movement

A

Trochlear Nerve

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14
Q

Main sensory nerve to face

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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15
Q

Provides eye movement

A

Abducens Nerve

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16
Q

Innervates facial muscles and provides facial expressions

A

Facial Nerve

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17
Q

Provides hearing and sense of balance

A

Auditory (Vestiblulocochlear) Nerve

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18
Q

Provides control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of BP and respiration

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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19
Q

Provides swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera

A

Vagus Nerve

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20
Q

Provides swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement

A

Accessory Nerve

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21
Q

Provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

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22
Q

What are sensory tracts?

A

Ascending (to the brain) pathways carry conscious and unconscious sensations

23
Q

Spinothalamic tract

Anterolateral system

A

Carries pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations

24
Spinomesencephalic tract
Carry action potentials from cutaneous pain receptors Contributes to eye reflexes
25
Dorsal column/medial- lemniscal system
Carries sensations of 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration
26
Primary neurons First-order neurons
Enter the spinal cord and ascend to the medulla where they synapse with secondary neurons
27
Secondary neurons Second-order neurons
Cross over and project to the thalamus
28
Tertiary neurons Third-order neurons
Extend from the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex
29
Trigeminothalamic tract
Carries sensory information from the face, nose, and mouth
30
Spinocerebellar tracts
Carry unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum from the same side of the body
31
Long-term memory
Declarative memory: retention of events and facts Procedural memory: retention of motor skills
32
Short-term memory
Few seconds to a few hours Easily forgotten if we stop mentally reciting it or if we get distracted Hold something in mind long enough to carry out an action
33
Immediate memory
Hold something in mind for a few seconds to get a feeling for the flow of events
34
Telencephalon
Cerebrum
35
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus
36
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
37
Mesencephalon
Pons, cerebellum | Rhombencephalon
38
Contains the medulla oblongata
Myelencephalon
39
Medulla oblongata
Regulates heart rate and blood vessels Regulates breathing Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccuping Part of the sensory pathway for taste, hearing and equilibrium
40
Cerebellum
Equilibrium and balance | Metencephalon
41
Pons
Part of the voluntary motor control pathway Helps with equilibrium and respiratory control (Metencephalon)
42
What connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum?
Brainstem | Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
43
What is the pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts called?
Medulla oblongata
44
What structure relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and is the site of reflex centers?
Pons
45
What structure is part of the auditory pathway, and lies in the middle of the brain?
Midbrain
46
What is the function of the Reticular Formation?
It controls cyclic activities, like the sleep-wake cycle
47
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Control muscle movement and tone Governs balance Motor skills
48
What are the functions of the Thalamus?
Major sensory relay center Influences mood and movement
49
Hypothalamus
Controls homeostasis Regulates endocrine function (hormones)
50
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Controls conscious perception, thought, and conscious motor activity
51
Basal nuclei | Part of cerebrum
Controls muscle activity and posture, largely inhibits unintentional movement when at rest
52
Limbic system | part of the cerebrum
Autonomic response to smell, emotion, mood, memory, and other such functions
53
What is decussation?
Crossing to the opposite side of the body i.e. Each half of the brain controls the opposite half of the body
54
Superior colliculi
Reflex movements of theHead eyes and body toward visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli such as loud noises, flashing lights, or startling pain; they receive touch and auditory input
55
Inferior colliculi
Involved in hearing, and are an integral part of the auditory pathways in the CNS
56
What is the folia?
The ridges on the cerebellum

Brain And Cranial Nerves (1 decks)

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