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DAT - Biology > Chapter 13 - Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human cardiovascular system composed of?

A

1) Muscular, four chambered heart
2) Blood vessels
3) Blood

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2
Q

Describe the movement of blood:

A
  • Blood is pumped into the aorta which branches into a series of arteries
  • Arteries branch into arterioles and then into microscopic capillaries
  • Exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products occur via diffusion across capillary walls
  • Capillaries converge into venues and back into veins that carry deoxygenated blood back toward the heart
  • From the heart the blood is pumped into the lungs to exchange CO2 for O2
  • Oxygenated blood returns to heart to be pumped once more
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3
Q

What does the heart do?

A

It is the driving force of the circulatory system

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4
Q

What does the right vs. left side do?

A

Right side:
- Pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation (toward lungs)

Left Side:
- Pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout body)

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5
Q

What are the upper and lower chambers called? Describe each:

A

Upper = Atria
- Thin-walled

Lower = Ventricle

  • Muscular
  • Left > right muscular because it must generate force that propels systemic circulation and pumps against higher resistance
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6
Q

What is a result of increased systemic resistance?

A

Left ventricle becomes hypertrophied (enlarged) which can lead to congestive heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases

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7
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart:

A
  • Blood returns from the body through the right atrium
  • Through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
  • Through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs
  • Blood runs from lungs through pulmonary veins into the left atrium
  • Through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
  • Finally, out through aortic semilunar valve into systemic circulation
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8
Q

Where is the atrioventricular valve located? What does it do?

A

Located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart
- Prevents back flow of blood into the atria

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9
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located? How many cusps?

A

Located on the right side of the heart

- Has 3 cusps

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10
Q

Where is the mitral valve located? How many cusps?

A

Located on the left side of the heart

- Has 2 cusps

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11
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

Located between the left ventricle and aorta and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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12
Q

What creates the “lub-dub” sound of the heart?

A

The successive closing of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves

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13
Q

How is the heart’s cycle divided?

A

Into 2 alternating phases:

1) Systole: Phase where ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart and into the pulmonary system
2) Diastole: Phase where cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all 4 chambers

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14
Q

Describe blood pressure:

A
  • Systolic blood pressure measures the pressure in a patients blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting
  • Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure during cardiac relaxation
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15
Q

Define cardiac output:

A

Total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate (beats/min) x Stroke Volume (V of blood pumped out of L-ventricle/contraction)

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16
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?

A

Cardiac muscles contract rhythmically without stimulation from nervous system, producing impulses that spread through its internal conducting system

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17
Q

Where does an ordinary cardiac contraction originate and is regulated by?

  • How does the impulse spread?
  • Where does the pulse arrive?
  • How is the impulse carried?
  • What does the strong contraction do?
A

The sinoatrial node (SA) which is a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium

  • Spreads impulse through both atria stimulating them to contract simutaneously
  • Arrives ar atrioventricular node (AV) which conducts the impulse to the rest of the heart, allowing time for atrial contraction and for ventricles to fill with blood
  • Impulse carried through bundle of His (AV bundle) which branches to the L/R and through Purkinje fibers located in the ventricular walls to stimulate a strong contraction
  • Forces blood out of the heart
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18
Q

What modifies the rate of the heart? How?

A

ANS

  • PNS innervates heart via vagus nerve to decrease HR
  • SNS innervates heart via cervical and upper thoracic ganglia to cause increases in HR
  • Adrenal medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine recreate to increase HR
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19
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels? Describe each:

A

1) Arteries
- Thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels the support oxygenated blood flow away from the heart
- Except for the pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs)

2) Veins
- Thin walled, inelastic vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
- Except for the pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood from lungs to heart)
- Depends on compression from skeletal muscle
- At odds with gravity (valves)

3) Capillaries
- Smallest diameter (RBC single filed)
- Single layer of epithelial cells
- Exchanges gas, nutrients, and waste

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20
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Second circulatory system; transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to the cardiovascular system to keep fluid in the body constant

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21
Q

What is the smallest lymphatic vessel? What do they do?

A

Lacteals
- Collect fats in the form of chylomicrons from villi in the small intestine and deliver to the blood stream, by passing the liver

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22
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (lymphocytes) that filter the lymph, removing and destroying foreign pathogens and particles

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23
Q

On average, how much blood does the human body contain? What are the percentages of the liquid and cellular components?

A

4-6L

- Liquid (55%) and cellular (45%)

24
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

25
Q

What is plasma? What does it consist of?

A

The liquid portion of blood

- Aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins

26
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

Known as WBC which are larger than erythrocytes and serve to protect

27
Q

What are platelets? What inhibits platelet formation?

A

Cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation
- Drugs can inhibit platelet formation or adhesion to decrease clot development

28
Q

What are erythrocytes? How much hemoglobin does one RBC contain and how many O can it bind?

A

Known as RBC which are the oxygen carrying components of blood
- Contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules that bind 4 molecules of oxygen

29
Q

What is the shape of a RBC? Why?

A

Concave

  • Increased SA
  • Flexibility
30
Q

Where are RBC formed and stimulated by? What do they lose in the bone marrow?

A

Production in the bone marrow is stimulated by erthyropoietin (made in kidneys)
- They lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and membranous organelles in the bone marrow

31
Q

What is the life span of a RBC? How are they destroyed?

A

A mature RBC will circulate in the blood for 120 days

- Phagocytize by special cells in spleen/liver

32
Q

What characteristic do erythrocytes have? What do they do?

A

Cell-surface proteins (antigens)

- They are macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

33
Q

What are the two major RBC antigen groups?

A

1) ABO Group

2) Rh Factor

34
Q

Describe each blood type:

  • Corresponding antigen
  • Corresponding antibody
  • Donates to
  • Receives from
A

1) A
- A
- Anti-B
- A and AB
- A and O

2) B
- B
- Anti-A
- B and AB
- B and O

3) AB
- A and B
- None
- AB only
- All “Universal Recipient”

4) O
- None
- Anti-A and Anti-B
- All “Universal Donor”
- O Only

35
Q

What is important during blood transfusions? Why?

A

That donor and recipient blood types are matched

- Avoid transfusion of RBC that will be rejected

36
Q

What is Rh factor? What types? When is it important? Is it important during transfusions?

A

Another antigen that may be present on surface of RBC

  • Rh+ (possessing) OR Rh- (lacking)
  • Important during pregnancy
  • Yes; Rejection
37
Q

What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?

A

1) Transport of Gases
- O2, CO2, Hemoglobin, etc

2) Transport of Nutrients/Wastes
- Amino acids, simple sugars, are absorbed
- Wastes products (CO2) and removed

3) Clotting
- Platelets that come in contact with exposed collagen of a damaged vessel released a chemical to signal neighbouring platelets to adhere together (platelet plug)
- Clotting factor is released (thromboplastin) with the aid of vitamin K and Ca to concert inactive plasma to fibrin which coats damaged area to trap blood cells to form a clot
- Clots prevent excessive blood loss and heals the damage
- Serum is left after blood clotting

38
Q

What is Warfarin? What does it do?

A

Anti-coagulent that inhibits recycling of vitamin K

- Without this, clotting cycle is inhibited and less likely to form clots

39
Q

Describe the respiratory system:

A

Air enters the lungs:

- Through nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

40
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Between the lungs and circulatory system

- Across the thin walls of alveoli

41
Q

What happens after gas exchange?

A

Air travels back through the respiratory system and is exhaled

42
Q

What else does the respiratory system do?

A
  • Protect against infection, dehydration, and temperature changes
  • Production of sound
  • Regulation of body pH by regulating CO2 removal
43
Q

What is ventilation? Purpose?

A

Process of air being inhaled and exhaled

- Taking in of O2 and eliminate CO2

44
Q

What occurs during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens, and external intercostal muscles contract which pushes the ribcage and chest wall up/out

  • Phrenic nerves innervates diaphragm to contract/flatten
  • Increases in volume = reduces pressure = lungs expand and fill with air
45
Q

What occurs during exhalation?

A

Lungs and chest recoil to originate position after inhalation

  • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and chest wall pushes inward
  • Decreases volume = pressure increase = forces air out and lung deflate
46
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs to keep them from collapsing by decreasing surface tension in alveoli

47
Q

How is ventilation controlled?

A

Regulated by neurons located in medulla oblongata

- When CO2 in blood rises = stimulation of increase ventilation

48
Q

What is the primary goal of respiration?

A

Maintain proper concentrations of O, CO2, and H-ions

- Highly responsive to changes in the blood

49
Q

What occurs with increased levels of CO2 and H-ions in the blood?

A

Stimulation of inspiratory/expiratory muscles of the lungs

50
Q

What monitors oxygen blood levels?

A

Chemoreceptors

51
Q

How does gas exchange occur during respiration?

A

Dense network of pulmonary capillaries surround alveoli

  • Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across these capillary walls and alveoli; gas moves from higher PP to lower PP
  • Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
  • CO2 diffuses from blood into lungs
52
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

53
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath (less than lung capacity)

54
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air that could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation

55
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation

56
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by maximum exhalation

57
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

DAT - Biology (16 decks)

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