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Comparative Anatomy Exam 3 > Chapter 13: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Digestive System Flashcards

(49 cards)

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0
Q

Tooth Anatomy

A 
Crown
Root
Enamel
Dentine
Pulp cavity
Cement
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1
Q

Teeth

A

Evolved from dermal scales
About 400 mya
Embryology: interaction of epidermis and dermis

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2
Q

Tooth attachment

A
  1. Collagen fibers to jaw (sharks)
  2. Pleurodont = medial margin of jawbone (on side, amphibs)
  3. Acrodont = summit of jawbone (reptiles)
  4. Thecodont = teeth embedded in jawbone -> more stable (mammals)
    Thecodont means “deep socket tooth”
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3
Q

Diphydont

A

2 sets of teeth

Mammals (baby/milk/deciduous then adult/permanent teeth)

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4
Q

Polyphydont

A

Many sets of teeth

Sharks, some bony fish

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5
Q

Homodont

A

Same shape

Not as good for chewing

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6
Q

Heterodont

A

More than a single tooth shape

Ex: incisors, canines, molars for specialized hunting and feeding

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7
Q

Edentate

A

Do not have teeth

Ant-eaters, birds, turtles

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8
Q

Mammal teeth terms

A

Incisors= grab, cut
Canines= tear
Premolars/molars (cheek teeth) = chew on occlusal surface
Prisms (type 1 of occlusal surface)= ridges
Cusps (type 2)= bumps, grooves
Carnassials (type 3)= sheer past one another for cutting
Diastema= gap (rodents, rabbits, deer, horses)

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9
Q

Agnathan teeth

A

No teeth (bumps that are tooth-like)
Ancestral: filter-feeder
Small mouth, no jaw
Larger pharynx

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10
Q

Placoderm teeth

A

No teeth

Shearing plates - large

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11
Q

Chondrichthyes teeth

A

Numerous teeth, homodont
Non-movable tongue -cartilaginous
Fibrous attachment with collagen -loose
Constantly growing new teeth (and losing them ->fossilize)

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12
Q

Osteichthyes teeth

A 
Up to 10,000 teeth 
Jaw, roof of mouth, tongue, gills, pharynx
Homodont
Acrodont
Non-movable tongue
Large oral cavity
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13
Q

Amphibian teeth

A

Few, small, homodont
Pleurodont attachment
Movable tongue*
Old: Labyrinthodonts (bc of shape)

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14
Q

Reptilian teeth

A

Mostly homodont
Thecodont attachment
Some synapsids heterodont
Turtles edentate

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15
Q

Ave teeth

A

Edentate, mostly immobile tongue

Some primitive ones had teeth

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16
Q

Mammalian teeth

A

Diverse
Heterodont
Homodont

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17
Q

Oral glands in Tetrapods

A

Food lubrication (no longer feed in water)
Modifications:
1) poison; lizards, snakes, shrews
2) anticoagulant; vampire bat
3) salt excretion; “nasal glands” marine + desert birds and reptiles
*exocrine glands

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18
Q

Alimentary canal: functions

A 
Receive food
Store food
Reduce food physically and chemically (break down of food)
Absorb nutrients
Eliminate digestive waste *not excretion
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19
Q

Storage areas

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A

Stomach
Crop (birds) -> intended
-> first chamber

20
Q

Physical reduction

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A

1) chewing or grinding
- teeth
- stomach with gravel = alligators, birds
2) moistening
- mouth, stomach, intestine
3) churning and mixing
- stomach
4) emulsification of fats
- liver produces bile

21
Q

Chemical reduction

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A
  • stomach and small intestine *

- enzymes (lining and pancreas)

22
Q

Fish stomachs

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A

Stomach “N” or “J” shaped

23
Q

Amphibian stomach

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A

Simple stomach

24
Reptiles stomach
Simple stomach | Crocs, very muscular
25
Birds stomach
``` Crop-> storage Stomach 1. Proventriculus -Contains enzymes 2. Ventriculus or gizzard -grinding, gravel ```
26
Mammals stomach
1. Sac-like - humans, most carnivores, rodents 2. Complex, multi-chambered - herbivores - ruminants -> rumen= fermentation, symbionts, anaerobic - many marsupials
27
Rumen
Ex: cows Full up stomach as fast as they can with grass > let it sit > regurgitate > chew + swallow again until they need more. (Process it over a long period of time) Called remasticate
28
Intestines
1. Enzymes for breakdown - lining - pancreas 2. Surface area for absorption - long - folded - villi (entire lining) - microvilli (finger-like projections on each cell
29
Fish intestines
Just "intestine"
30
Tetrapods intestines
"Small" and "large" Vitamin B synthesis in large Cecum = blind sac between small and large Large: in herbivores, symbionts Small: duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum *loops of intestine held in by mesentary to prevent everything getting tangled up
31
Agnatha intestines
* eat blood and suck fluids -> no need for complexity | - straight intestine, gentle spiral
32
Cartilage fish intestine
Spiral valve = surface area
33
Bony fish intestine
Long, coiled
34
Amphibians intestine
Tadpoles; long, coiled (eat algae, takes awhile to digest - herbivores) -adults; shorter (eat more meat, carnivores)
35
Reptiles intestines
Snakes; straight | Others; some coiling
36
Birds intestines
``` Long 2 ceca Bursa of Fabricius -> out pocketing near end -in young birds -antibody formation *homologous to appendix ```
37
Mammals intestines
``` Small intestine: -duodenum >enzymes -jejunum -ileum >most distal, absorption Cecum: -large in hindgut fermenters (herbivores: horse, rabbit) Con or large intestine: ```
38
Liver
Large, vascular Hepatic ducts -> drain bile from liver Cystic duct to gall bladder -> for storage then sent to.... Common bile duct (nuclei around ring)
39
Some liver functions
Produce bile for emulsifying fat and neutralizing acid Vitamin manufacture Detoxification Yolk production Storage for carbs and fat Deamination of protein, interconversions (carbs -> lipids or proteins -> carbs)
40
Gall bladder
Stores bile Small sac Important in episodic feeders (eat in episodes: 1 big meal and then nothing for a while) Absent in some herbivores (deer, horses)
41
Pancreas
``` Gland near duodenum and stomach -exocrine (97%) •ducts (empty into duodenum - converge with common bile duct) •secrete digestive enzymes -endocrine •hormones for sugar metabolism >insulin - decrease blood glucose >glucagon - increase blood glucose ```
42
Lining of body cavities
Colonic cavity Lining from hypomere of mesoderm Outside wall = parietal peritoneum/serosa Inner layer on organs = visceral peritoneum Dorsal mesentery Omentum (fat storage) -sheet of mesentary that connects organ to organ Ventral mesentery *all of these prevent torsion and hold in place but still allow movement*
43
Mesenteries
Keep organs in place -> prevent torsion Ventral mesentery often degenerates Ex: falciform ligament
44
Coelomic divisions
Pericardial cavity = heart Peritoneal cavity = abdominal organs Pleuroperitoneal cavity = lungs + abdominal organs (shark, fish, amphibians) Pleural cavities = lung
45
Hagfish coelom
Partial separation of pericardial and abdominal cavities
46
Lamprey, fish, amphibians Coelom
Full separation of pericardial and peritoneal cavities
47
Reptiles and birds Coelom
Pericardial, 2 pleural (thoracic) | Peritoneal
48
Mammals Coelom
Pericardial, 2 pleural, fully muscular diaphragm | Peritoneal

Comparative Anatomy Exam 3 (3 decks)

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