Chapter 13- Hormones and affective disorders Flashcards
(23 cards)
Difference between endogenous and exogenous androgens.
Endogenous: naturally produced by the body;
Exogenous: introduced externally (ex: anabolic steroids)
What is “Roid Rage”?
A term for extreme aggression linked to anabolic steroid abuse; not clinically supported in cases of natural testosterone increase.
How do anabolic steroids work?
Synthetic androgens that promote muscle growth [anabolism] and prevent tissue breakdown [catabolism]
What are the psychological effects of anabolic steroid use?
Increased hostility, erratic behavior, delusions, and dependence.
What age group shows high steroid abuse and why?
16–21-year-old males; reasons include body image, competition, and belief others are using them. psychological dependence
What does epidemiology show about lifetime steroid use in teens (1990-2005)?
- Abuse peaked in early 2000s, followed by gradual decline as awareness rose.
- Steroid abuse at times exceeded heroin use, and nearly matched crack cocaine usage
Which organ systems are affected by chronic steroid use?
Liver: toxicity, tumors
Kidneys: failure
Cardiovascular: high BP, heart disease
Immune syst: impaired fx
Endocrine syst: hormonal disruption
What are some irreversible side effects of steroids?
Heart damage, infertility, and liver problems.
What are psychiatric risks associated with steroid use?
Mania, hypomania, violent behavior, and delusions.
What criteria indicate steroid addiction?
Prolonged use, failed attempts to quit, continued use despite harm, withdrawal symptoms
What neuropsychiatric outcomes are linked to steroid withdrawal?
Suicidal behavior and opioid co-dependence
What did the testosterone neuroimaging study find?
Testosterone reduced connectivity between the DLPFC and amygdala, affecting emotion regulation.
How does testosterone affect aggression in animal studies?
Increases aggression in males and females, alters serotonin signaling, and shortens lifespan.
What is the HPT axis and its role in mood?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis; thyroid hormone levels affect serotonin and mood.
What is TRH treatment and its effect on depression?
TRH improves mood in some depressed individuals with effects lasting hours to weeks.
How is thyroid function linked to depression?
Subclinical hypothyroidism and elevated TRH levels are common in depression; T3 augments antidepressant response.
How is cortisol dysregulated in depression?
Elevated baseline, disrupted circadian rhythm, and poor dexamethasone suppression.
What test indicates HPA axis dysfunction?
Dexamethasone suppression test; failure to suppress cortisol is seen in ~46% of depressed patients.
How does cortisol relate to mood?
It follows an inverted U-shape: both high and low levels can cause depression.
How is GH affected in depression?
GH response to stressors is often blunted; paradoxically increased by TRH in depression.
What is the link between prolactin and depression?
Both elevated and reduced levels seen; likely involves stress and neurotransmitter interactions.
How does estrogen withdrawal affect mood?
Can trigger depressive symptoms, especially in women with a history of depression.
Why are women more prone to depression?
Estradiol fluctuations during puberty, menopause, and postpartum periods increase risk.
