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Microbiology > Chapter 13 Microbe and Human Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Microbe and Human Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a holobiant?

A

The human host and all of its residents microbiota

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2
Q

What are colonizer microbes?

A

The ability of microbes to become a resident on a particular host (such as the human body).

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3
Q

Define Infection

A

The entry,establishment and multiplcation of pathogenic organisms with a host.

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4
Q

What are transient mircobes?

A

Pass through our system, can also cuase infection.

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5
Q

Define Disease

A

Any deviation from health. as when the effects of microbial infection damage or disrupt tissue and organs.

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6
Q

Define infectious disease

A

The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent.

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7
Q

What is the HMP (Human Microbiome Project)

A

A project of the National Instititues of Health to ideniftymicrobial inhitants of the human body and their role in health and disease; uses metagenomi techniques instead of culturing.

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8
Q

What are microbial antigens?

A

Relationship in which mircorganism compete for survial in a common envrionment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another oraganism.

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9
Q

Define Endogenous?

A

Originaing or prodvided withing an organism or one of its parts. Infections from within normal biota.

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10
Q

List a few factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibilty?

A

Age, genetic defects, pregnancy, surgery, organ transplants, underlying dieases, chemo/immune suppressants, physical and mental stress.

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11
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any agent (usually a virus bactrium, fungus, protoza, a helminths) that causes diseases.

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12
Q

BioSafety level 1

A

Standard, open bench, no special faclities needed. Low infection hazard.

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13
Q

BioSaftey level 2

A

At least 1 level facilities and practices, must be trained in handling pathogens, and use lab coats and gloves.

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14
Q

BioSaftey level 3

A

Minimum of level 2 facilities and practices maunipluations need to be performed in safety cabinests. Agents can cause sever lethal dieases

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15
Q

Biosaftey level 4

A

Minimum of level 3 faclities and pracices, must be controlled and have isolated access. High virulent miucrobes that pose extreme risk for morbidity and mortality .

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16
Q

Define Immunocompromised

A

The state of having an underlying condition that diminishes the capability to respond to microbial invasion.

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17
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

In infection, ordinarily nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes that cause disease primarily in an immunologically compromised host.

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18
Q

What is virulence?

A

In infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells.

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19
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

A microbe’s structures or capabilities that allow it to establish itself in a host and cause damage.

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20
Q

What is the infectious dose?

A

The quantitiy of microbes in the inoculating dose needed to start an infection

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21
Q

What is the portal of entry?

A

Route of entry for an infectious agent; typically a cutaneous or membranous route.

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22
Q

What is coevolution?

A

Genetic changes in compostion by one specicies in response to changes in another

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23
Q

Define polymicrobial

A

Involving multiple distinct microorganisms.

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24
Q

What does the Acronym TORCH Stand for ?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Other dieases (syphillis, chicken px, HIV chlaymida)

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25
What are leukocidins?
A heat-labile substance formed by some pyogenic cocci that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes.
26
Define epigentic?
Referring to changes in the way DNA is transcribed, not actual changes in the DNA sequence.
27
What is muinase?
An enzyme that digest the protective coating on muscos membrances and is a factor in amoebic dysentry.
28
What is Keratinase?
An enzyme that digest the principal componet of skin and hair and is screeted by the fungi that causes ringworm.
29
What is hyaluronidase?
Digest hyaluronic acid the substance that keeps animal cells togther.
30
What are the two bacterial kinases that disslve frbirn clots and expiditie the invasion of damages tissues?
Streptokinase and staphylokinase.
31
Deine Toxigenicity?
The tendency for a pathogen to produce toxins. It is an important factor in bacterial virulence.
32
Define Toxinosis
Disease whose adverse effects are primarily due to the production and release of toxins.
33
Defiine toxemia?
Condition in which a toxin (microbial or otherwise) is spread throughout the bloodstream.
34
Define intoxication?
Poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection.
35
What is Hemolysin?
Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin. Many bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins that act as hemolysins.
36
What does it mean to hemolyze
When red blood cells burst and release hemoglobin pigment.
37
What is a mxed infection
Occurs when several different pathogens interact simultaneously to produce an infection. Also called a synergistic infection.
38
Define an acute infection.
A condition that appears relatively quickly after exposure and is of short duration.
39
Define chronic infection?
A condition that appears slowly, can last a long time, and can have muted symptoms.
40
What is a sign of a pathgenic disease.
Any abnormality uncovered upon physical diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease. A sign is an objective assessment of disease, as opposed to a symptom, which is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.
41
What is symptom?
The subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient.
42
What is a syndrome?
The collection of signs and symptoms that, taken together, paint a portrait of the disease.
43
What is edema?
The accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities. Also called swelling.
44
Define granuloma
A solid mass or nodule of inflammatory tissue containing modified macrophages and lymphocytes. Usually a chronic pathologic process of diseases such as tuberculosis or syphilis.
45
What is an abscess.
An inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.
46
What is a lymphadenitis?
Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. Also called lymphadenopathy.
47
What is a lesion?
A wound, injury, or some other pathologic change in tissues.
48
What is leukocytosis
An abnormally large number of leukocytes in the blood, which can be indicative of acute infection.
49
What is leukpenia?
A lower-than-normal leukocyte count in the blood that can be indicative of blood infection or disease.
50
Define septicemia?
Systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood.
51
What is bacteremia?
The presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood.
52
What is Viremia?
The presence of viruses in the bloodstream.
53
What is a asymptomatic infection?
An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue.
54
What is a subclinical infection?
A period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and signs of disease appear.
55
What is inapparent infection?
Referring to an infection in which infectious agents have entered the body and some signs of infection are present but no disease symptoms are manifest; also described as subclinical or asymptomatic
56
What is sequela?
A morbid complication that follows a disease.
57
What is the prodromal stage
A short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the period of incubation. It indicates the onset of disease.
58
What is the convalescent period?
The phase after the period of invasion in which the patient’s immune system responds to the infection, signs and symptoms gradually decline, and the patient’s health gradually returns.
59
What is the continuation phase of an infection.
The phase in the course of an infection in which either the organism lingers for months, years, or indefinitely after the patient is completely well or the organism is gone but symptoms continue.
60
What is epidemiology?
The study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community.
61
What is the reservoir?
In disease communication, the natural host or habitat of a pathogen.
62
What isa incubating carrier?
Persons with an infection that is in the incubation phase but are able to transmit the infection.
63
What are convalsecnt carriers?
People who have recovered from an infectious disease but are still carrying the infectious agent and may be capable of spreading it.
64
Who is a chronic carrier?
An individual who has recovered from an initial infection but continues to harbor and shed infectious agents for a long period of time.
65
What is a passive carrier?
Person who mechanically transfers a pathogen without ever being infected by it; for example, a health care worker who doesn’t wash his or her hands adequately between patients.
66
What is a vector?
An animal that transmits infectious agents from one host to another, usually a biting or piercing arthropod like the tick, mosquito, or fly. Infectious agents can be conveyed mechanically by simple contact or biologically whereby the parasite develops in the vector. A genetic element such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments.
67
What is a biological vector?
An animal that not only transports an infectious agent but plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen, serving as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle. It is usually an alternate host to the pathogen.
68
What is a mechanical vector?
An animal that transports an infectious agent but is not infected by it, such as houseflies whose feet become contaminated with feces.
69
What is zoonosis?
An infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals.
70
What is a vehicle?
An Inanimate material (sold object, liquid or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens.
71
What is a fomite?
Virtually any inaminate object an infected individual has contact with that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of diseases. eg doorknobs, telephones. bed linens.
72
Parenteral
adminstering a susbstance into a body compartment. other than through the gastrointestinal tract such as via intravenous , subcutaneous, intramusclar or intramedullary injection.
73
What is Droplet nuclei?
The dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing.
74
Aerosols?
Suspension of fine dust or moisture particles in the air that contain live pathogens.
75
Healtcare assoicated infections
Formerly reffered to as "nusucomial infection" acquired as a direct result of a patientsd presence in a hospital or healthcare setting.
76
What area few of the most common HAI?
CAUTI- Catheter UTI CLABSI- Centeral line associate blood stream infection. SSI- Surgical site infection VAE- Ventricular associated events
77
What is an etiologic agent?
The microbial cause of disease: the pathogen.
78
Kochs postulates-
A procudures to establish the specific cause of diseases. 1. agent must be found. 2 inoculations of pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals. 3. agent must be present in the exprimental animal; and 4. a pur culutre must be obtained again.
79
What are reportable diseases?
Those diseases thart must be reported to health authorities by law.
80
What is prevalence
The total number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period.
81
What is an incidence?
The number of new cases of a disease in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen at a single point in time.
82
Common source epidemic?
An outbreak of diseases i which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen even if they were exposed at different times.
83
Propagated epidemic?
An outbreak of diasease in which the causitive agent is passed to new person over the course of time.
84
What is the Index Case?
The first case of a disease identified in an outbreak or epidemic.
85
Endemic-
A native disease that prevails continiously in a geographic region.
86
Sporadic
Description of a disease hat exhibits new cases at irregular intervcals, in unpredictable geographic locales.
87
Epidemic
A sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community.

Microbiology (6 decks)

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