Chapter 13: Peer Relationships Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is play?
activities that children engage in for inherent enjoyment
What are the benefits of play?
- learning and practicing empathy
- fostering cognitive and language development
- enhancing motor development and skills
- promoting emotion regulation and increasing positive emotions
What is Parten’s classification of children’s social play?
- non-social types of play
- social type of play
What are non-social types of play?
- unoccupied play
- onlooker play
- solitary play
What are social types of play?
- parallel play
- associative play
- cooperative play
What are the differences in children’s peer experience across cultures?
- patterns in peer development are averaged
- classic cross-cultural studies found wide differences in peer contact and interaction
- recent research on adolescent development found peer importance and interaction was related to family values within context of cultures
What factors influence a child’s friendship decisions?
- children tend to be friends with peers who are friendly and who act prosocially toward others
- similarity of interests and behaviour
- proximity
- similarity in age
- gender
- own racial/ethnic group
How does electronic communication facilitate the creation and maintenance of friendships amongst children?
- greater anonymity
- less emphasis on physical appearance
- more control over interactions
- finding similar peers
- 24/7 access
- it’s fun
What are the two major perspectives on the use of technology?
- richer-get-richer hypothesis
- social-compensation hypothesis
What is the richer-get-richer hypothesis?
youths who already have good social skills benefit from the Internet and related forms of technology when it comes to developing friendships
What is the social-compensation hypothesis?
argues that social media may be especially beneficial for lonely, depressed, and socially anxious adolescents
What is harmful about role of technology in friendhsips?
high levels of Internet use primarily for entertainment or for communication with strangers can harm the quality of friendships and predicts increases in anxiety and depression
What are the most important benefits of friendships?
- emotional support and validation
- opportunities for the development of important social and cognitive skills
How do friendships provide support and validation?
- provide support and validation when a child feels lonely during difficult periods of transition that involve peers
- serve as a buffer against unpleasant experiences, when children feel victimized
- help develop social skills and positive relationships with other people
How do friendships affect social and cognitive skill development?
- help develop social skills and positive relationships with other people, cooperation, negotiation skills
- understanding of emotional states, enhances self-esteem, less psychopathology
- understanding peer norms (gossip)
- promotes cognitive skills and creative task performance
- leads to positive social outcomes in later year, including adulthood
What are the possible costs of friendships?
- aggression and disruptiveness; deviancy training
- alcohol and substance abuse; genetic makeup similarity
- bullying and victimization; physical and relational aggression
What is relational aggression?
a kind of aggression that involves excluding others from the social group and attempting to do harm to other people’s relationships
What is cyberbullying?
repeated and intentional harassment or mistreatment of an individual via digital devices
Who is bullied?
- 15% of high school students; girls twice as likely as boys
- likely high in social anxiety, psychological distress, depression symptoms
- rates highest in grade
- LGBT students twice as likely as hetero students
Who bullies?
- 12% of teens
- belief that aggression is acceptable problem-solving tool
- classroom environment that accepts bullying
What are intervention examples for bullying?
- No Trap! (Italy)
- Media heroes (Germany)
- Cyber Friendly Schools (Australia)
What are gender differences in the functions of friendships?
girls’ desire: closeness and dependency
- worry about abandonment, loneliness
- get more upset than boys do when a friend betrays
- more likely than are boys do to co-ruminate
girls and boys less likely to differ in
- amount of conflict they experience in best friendships
- terms of recreational opportunities provided
What is sociometric status?
a measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or dislikes by their peers as a group
What the five groups of the sociometric system?
- popular
- rejected
- neglected
- average
- controversial
