Chapter 13 - Personality Disorders Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
personality
A
a set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence our behavior, emotions, thoughts, and intentions
2
Q
personality traits
A
our particular characteristics that lead us to react in fairly predictable ways as we move through life
3
Q
people who have a personality disorder
A
display an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs their sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and capacity for intimacy
4
Q
when symptoms of personality disorders are typically recognizable
A
adolescence or early childhood
5
Q
percent of all adults in the US who display a personality disorder at any given time
A
11%
6
Q
do people with a personality disorder often suffer from another psychological disorder
A
yes, for example avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety disorder
7
Q
“odd” cluster or Cluster A disorders
A
paranoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
8
Q
“dramatic” cluster or Cluster B disorders
A
antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder
9
Q
“anxious” cluster or Cluster C disorders
A
avoidant personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
10
Q
approach used by DSM to classify personality disorders
A
categorical approach i.e. there are clear distinctions between personality disorders
11
Q
approach of personality disorder classification that challenges DSM’s approach
A
dimensional approach i.e. personality disorders differ more in degree/severity than in type
12
Q
personality disorder different from typical personality traits in this way
A
they are maladaptive, distressing, and inflexible
13
Q
disorder that odd personality disorders seem to be related to
A
schizophrenia
14
Q
evidence that odd personality disorders are related to schizophrenia
A
people with an odd personality disorder also often qualify for a schizophrenia diagnosis or have close relatives with schizophrenia
15
Q
Do people with odd personality disorders seek treatment?
A
they rarely seek treatment
16
Q
paranoid personality disorder
A
deeply distrusts other people and are suspicious of their motives; they find hidden meanings, typically belittling or threatening, in everything
17
Q
are the suspicions of people with paranoid personality disorder delusions?
A
though they are inaccurate and inappropriate, they are not usually delusional
18
Q
people with paranoid personality disorder’s relationship with criticism
A
they are critical of others, but they are unable to recognize their own faults and are sensitive to criticism
19
Q
percent of adults with paranoid personality disorder
A
4.4%
20
Q
paranoid personality disorder among men and women
A
more common in men than in women
21
Q
psychodynamic explanation for paranoid personality disorder
A
unaccepting, distant parents. they view the environment as hostile, and they become angry at their environment and project this distrust onto others
22
Q
cognitive behavioral explanation for paranoid personality disorder
A
maladaptive assumptions such as “people are evil”
23
Q
biological causes of paranoid personality disorder
A
genetics
24
Q
why is therapy difficult for people with paranoid personality disorder?
A
they feel inferior while in the “patient” position
25
object relations therapists approach to the treatment of paranoid personality disorder
focus on the individual's deep wish for a satisfying relationship
26
behavioral approach to paranoid personality disorder treatment
help clients master anxiety-reduction techniques and teach them skills to solve interpersonal problems
27
cognitive approach to paranoid personality disorder treatment
help clients develop realistic interpretations of other people's words and actions and to become more aware of other people's point of view
28
do antipsychotics help those with paranoid personality disorder?
not much
29
schizoid personality disorder
removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion or social interest
30
types of jobs that attract those with schizoid personality disorder
jobs that require little to no contact with others
31
percent of adults with schizoid personality disorder
4.9%
32
schizoid personality disorder among men and women
men slightly more likely to experience it than women are
33
object relations therapists' explanation for schizoid personality disorder
they have an unsatisfied need for human contact that stems from unaccepting or abusive parents, and they cope with this by avoiding all relationships
34
cognitive-behavioral explanation for schizoid personality disorder
their thoughts are vague, empty, and without much meaning; thus they don't come to accurate perceptions and don't pick up on emotional cues from others
35
what prevents those with schizoid personality disorder from going to therapy?
their social withdrawal
36
relationship between therapist and person with schizoid personality disorder
emotionally distant from therapist
37
therapy that has sometimes been able to help people with schizoid personality disorder experience more positive emotions
cognitive behavioral therapy
38
cognitive approach to schizoid personality disorder
present client with lists of emotions to think about
39
behavioral approach to schizoid personality disorder
teach social skills using role-playing, exposure techniques, and homework assignments
40
what can sometimes help those with schizoid personality disorder unless they are pressured to take part?
group therapy
41
how much does drug therapy help with schizoid personality disorder?
not much
42
schizotypal personality disorder
range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns or thinking, and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities
43
most severe "Odd" personality disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
44
odd thoughts of those with schizotypal personality disorder
ideas of reference and bodily illusions
45
ideas of reference
beliefs that unrelated events pertain to the individual in some important way
46
bodily illusions
sensing an external "force" or presence
47
Odd personality disorder that has sense of having special extrasensory abilities and magical control over others
schizotypal personality disorder
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emotions of those with schizotypal personality disorder
inappropriate, flat, or humorless
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Odd personality disorder with attention problems
schizotypal personality disorder
50
conversations with those with schizotypal personality disorder
digressive, vague, and sprinkled with loose associations
51
types of jobs that attract those with schizotypal personality disorder
undemanding jobs where they are not required to interact with other people
52
percent of adults with schizotypal personality disorder
4%
53
schizotypal personality disorder in men and women
slightly more men than women
54
other psychological disorder that seems related to schizotypal personality disorder
schizophrenia
55
backward masking
a laboratory test of attention that requires a person to identify a visual stimulus immediately after a previous stimulus flashed on and off the screen
56
schizotypal personality disorder biological factors
high dopamine activity and genetics
57
Odd personality disorder connected to mood disorders
schizotypal personality disorder
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goal of therapy for people with schizotypal personality disorder
help them "reconnect" with the world and recognize the limits of their thinking and their powers
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other general goals of schizotypal personality disorder treatment
increase positive social contacts, ease loneliness, reduce overstimulation, and help them become more aware of their personal feelings
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cognitive-behavioral approach to schizotypal personality disorder treatment
help clients evaluate unusual thoughts or perceptions objectively and to ignore the inappropriate ones
61
personality disorder where therapist keeps track of odd or magical predictions of the client and points out their inaccuracy
schizotypal personality disorder
62
behavioral methods for treatment of schizotypal personality disorder
speech lessons, social skills training, and tips on appropriate dress and manners
63
do antipsychotics help in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder?
in low doses they often reduce their thought problems
64
behaviors of those with Cluster B or "Dramatic" personality disorders
so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying
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personality disorders diagnosed more than the others
Cluster B personality disorders
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cluster B personality disorders that have received the most research
antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder
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are the causes of cluster B personality disorders understood?
the causes of cluster B personality disorders are not well understood
68
how effective are the treatments for cluster B personality disorders?
ineffective to moderately effective
69
antisocial personality disorder
persistently disregard and violate others' rights; impulsive; irritable, aggressive, and quick to start fights
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common names for people with antisocial personality disorders
psychopaths or sociopaths
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personality disorder most linked to adult criminal behavior
antisocial personality disorder
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age one must be to receive diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder
18 years old
73
what do clinicians say people with antisocial personality disorder lack?
a conscience
74
what do people with antisocial personality disorder think about their victims?
that their victims are weak and deserve to be conned, robbed, or even physically harmed
75
percent of adults with antisocial personality disorder
3.6% of adults
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antisocial personality disorder among men and women
4x more common among men
77
percent of people in prison that meet diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder
35% of people in prison
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age when criminal behavior of those with antisocial personality disorder seems to (but not always) decline
40
79
other disorder common in people with antisocial personality disorder
substance use disorders
80
percent of people with antisocial personality disorder that display a substance use disorder at some time in their lives
80% of people with antisocial personality disorder
81
percent of people with antisocial personality disorder that also have gambling disorder
23% of people with antisocial personality disorder
82
psychodynamic theory for antisocial personality disorder
an absence of parental love as child, leading to a lack of basic trust and to them becoming emotionally distant
83
behavioral factors for antisocial personality disorder
operant conditioning and modeling
84
evidence that conditioning reinforces antisocial personality disorder
higher rate of antisocial personality disorder found among the parents and close relatives of people with this disorder
85
operant conditioning and antisocial personality disorder
some parents teach unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by regularly rewarding a child's aggressive behavior (ex: giving in to child's aggression to restore peace)
86
cognitive factors for antisocial personality disorders
they hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people's needs and they struggle understanding points of view or feelings other than their own
87
biological factors for antisocial personality disorder
inherit a biological predisposition to antisocial personality disorder, particular genes, low serotonin activity, and dysfunction in certain brain structures
88
percent of identical twins and percent of fraternal twins with antisocial personality disorder
67% for identical twins and 31% for fraternal twins
89
brain structures that are dysfunctional (poor interconnectivity) in people with antisocial personality disorder
prefrontal cortex
anterior cingulate cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
temporal cortex
90
what do the brain structures involved in antisocial personality disorder do?
help people follow rules, plan and execute realistic strategies, display sympathy, display judgement, and display empathy
91
stress reactions of those with antisocial personality disorder
lower brain and bodily arousal, such as slow automatic arousal and slow EEG waves
92
why do people with antisocial personality disorder have a hard time learning from negative experiences
they don't feel as much anxiety as other people do
93
biological need for people with antisocial personality disorder
the need for more excitement and arousal
94
effectivity of treatments for antisocial personality disorder
typically ineffective
95
problems that get in the way of treatment for people with antisocial personality disorder
their lacking a conscience, a desire to change, or respect for therapy
96
cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of antisocial personality disorder
guide patients to think about moral issues and needs of other people (not well supported by research)
97
approach taken by some hospitals in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder
a therapeutic community where people with antisocial personality disorder are taught responsibility toward others
98
do antipsychotics help in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder?
they do not consistently found to be useful in addressing the overall antisocial pattern
99
borderline personality disorder
great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity
100
a deep feeling many people with borderline personality disorder struggle with
a deep feeling of emptiness
101
percent of people with borderline personality disorder that struggle with another psychological disorder
85%
102
other psychological disorders that people with borderline personality disorder struggle with
major depressive disorder or an eating disorder
103
in what way does the physical discomfort resulting from self-injury improve the emotional suffering of those with borderline personality disorder?
physical discomfort "snaps" them out of an "emotional overload", the feelings of emptiness, boredom, and identity confusion
104
percent of people with borderline personality disorder that attempt suicide at least once in their lives
70%
105
percent of people with borderline personality disorder that die by suicide
10%
106
relationships of those with borderline personality disorder
intense, conflict-ridden relationships in which their feelings are not necessarily shared by the other person; they idealize the other person's qualities and abilities
107
description of the dramatic identity shifts of those with borderline personality disorder
goals, aspirations, friends, or even sexual orientation may shift rapidly
108
percent of adult population that displays borderline personality disorder
6%
109
percent of people with borderline personality disorder that are women
75%
110
when does borderline personality disorder peak?
during young adulthood
111
object relations theory for borderline personality disorder
an early lack of acceptance by parents may lead to a loss of self-esteem, increased dependence, and an inability to cope with separation
112
parents of people with borderline personality disorder
neglectful, abusive, and unreliable
113
percent of identical twins and percent of fraternal twins for borderline personality disorder
35% for identical twins and 19% for fraternal twins
114
neurotransmitter that has lower activity in the brains of those with borderline personality disorder
serotonin
115
what is low serotonin linked to
depression, suicide, aggression, and impulsivity
116
amygdala in people with borderline personality disorder
hyperactive
117
hippocampus in people with borderline personality disorder
underactive
118
prefrontal cortex in people with borderline personality disorder
underactive
119
what do the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex do?
help people plan well, form accurate judgements, make good decisions, exercise self-control, and express emotions properly
120
sociocultural theory for borderline personality disorder
borderline personality disorder is particularly likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly
121
integrative explanations for borderline personality disorder
biosocial explanation and developmental psychopathology explanation
122
biosocial explanation for borderline personality disorder
borderline personality disorder results from a combination of internal forces and external forces
123
is there research support for biosocial explanation for borderline personality disorder?
some, but not consistent research support
124
developmental psychopathology explanation for borderline personality disorder
also believe in combination of internal and external forces, but they place emphasis on how influential parent-child relationships are in the development of borderline personality disorder
125
attachment style connected to borderline personality disorder
disorganized attachment style
126
cognitive ability that people with borderline personality disorder struggle with
mentalization
127
mentalization
people's capacity to understand their own mental states and those of other people (needs, desires, feelings, beliefs, and goals)
128
result of poor ability to mentalize in people with borderline personality disorder
poor ability to control emotions, attention, thinking, behavior, and their relationships
129
why is psychotherapy difficult for people with borderline personality disorder?
it is difficult for the therapist to balance empathizing with the client's dependency and challenging their way of thinking
130
forms of psychoanalytic therapy that has had some success in the treatment of borderline personality disorder
relational psychoanalytic therapy and transference-focused psychotherapy
131
relational psychoanalytic therapy and transference-focused therapy
these approaches take a more supportive posture and focuses on issues that occur in the therapist-patient relationship
132
goals of psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of borderline personality disorder
provide an empathetic setting, explore unconscious conflicts, pay attention to the central relationship disturbance, to their poor sense of self, and to their pervasive loneliness and emptiness
133
new-wave cognitive-behavioral approach for the treatment of borderline personality disorder
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
134
treatment of choice for borderline personality disorder
DBT
135
who developed DBT?
Marsha Linehan
136
the two components of DBT
weekly individual therapy and group skill building sessions
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the special emphasis of DBT
the self-harm and suicidal tendencies of those with borderline personality disorder
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other approaches that DBT borrows elements from
psychodynamic and humanistic approaches
139
purpose of social skill-building groups in DBT
help clients practice new ways of relating to other people in a safe environment and receive validation and support from other group members
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is DBT effective in treatment of borderline personality disorder?
yes, DBT is effective in the treatment of borderline personality disorder
141
most effective way that psychotropic drugs can be used in the treatment of borderline personality disorder
psychotropic drugs alongside psychotherapy approaches
142
histrionic personality disorder
extremely emotion ("emotionally charged") and continually seek to be the center of attention
143
old name for histrionic personality disorder
hysterical personality disorder
144
characteristics of people with histrionic personality disorder
they are always "on stage"; they exaggerate ordinary events; they are grandiose; they change themselves to gain attention; their speech lacks substance; vain, self-centered, demanding, and unable to delay gratification for long
145
the way in which people with histrionic personality disorder exaggerate their relationships
they consider themselves to be intimate friends of people who see them as no more than casual acquaintances
146
gender that is most often diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder due to bias
women
147
percent of adults with histrionic personality disorder
2%
148
psychodynamic explanation for histrionic personality disorder
cold and controlling parents make their children fear abandonment, and these children seek attention at all costs to protect themselves from the fear of loss
149
cognitive-behavioral explanation for histrionic personality disorder
they become less and less interested in knowing about the world at large because they are so self-focused and emotional; this is why their speech lacks substance and why they are so dependent
150
assumption held by people with histrionic personality disorder
that they are helpless to care for themselves
151
sociocultural, particularly multicultural, explanation for histrionic personality disorder
cultural norms and expectations that women are supposed to display dependence throughout their development
152
why treating histrionic personality disorder is so difficult
they are seductive, demanding, and will pretend to have insights or make changes in order to please the therapist
153
how can therapists deal with the issues involved with the treatment of histrionic personality disorder
therapists must remain objective and maintain strict professional boundaries
154
cognitive-behavioral approach toward the treatment of histrionic personality disorder
help them change their belief that they are helpless and to develop better, more deliberate ways of thinking and solving problems
155
the aim of therapists in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder
to help the clients recognize their excessive dependency, find inner satisfaction, cope better, and become more reliant
156
other psychotherapy approaches used in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder
psychodynamic therapy and group therapy
157
is psychotherapy useful in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder?
yes, therapy is useful in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder
158
way in which drug therapy helps in the treatment of histrionic personality disorder
it helps to relieve the depressive symptoms some people with histrionic personality disorder have
159
narcissistic personality disorder
generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others
160
why are people with narcissistic personality disorder so choosy about who they are friends with?
they believe their problems are unique and can be appreciated only by other "special", high-status people
161
ways in which people with narcissistic personality disorder react to criticism
with rage or embitterment; with cold indifference; with a sense of inadequacy, humiliation, pessimism, or depression
162
percent of adults with narcissistic personality disorder
6.2% of adults
163
percent of people with narcissistic personality disorder that are men
75%
164
psychodynamic explanation for narcissistic personality disorder
cold, rejecting parents create people that are ashamed, unsatisfied, and wary of the world; these people combat this by repeatedly telling themselves that they are actually perfect
165
object relations therapists' explanation for the grandiosity of people with narcissistic personality disorder
their grandiosity is a way for them to convince themselves that they are totally self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships with their parents or anyone else
166
cognitive-behavioral explanation for narcissistic personality disorder
they were treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life; rewarding children for minor accomplishments or no accomplishment at all
167
sociocultural explanation for narcissistic personality disorder
"eras of narcissism" in society create self-centered, materialistic youths that have short attention spans
168
cultures most prone to "eras of narcissism"
western cultures such as the United States
169
why is narcissistic personality disorder one of the most difficult personality disorders to treat?
they are unable to acknowledge weaknesses, to appreciate the effect of their behavior on others, or to incorporate feedback from others
170
psychodynamic approach to the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder
help people recognize and work through their underlying insecurities and defenses
171
cognitive-behavioral approach to the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder
redirect the client's focus onto the opinions of others, teach them to interpret criticism more rationally, increase their ability to empathize, and change their all-or-nothing notions
172
the focus of the cognitive-behavioral treatment of narcissistic personality disorder
the self-centered thinking of people with narcissistic personality disorders
173
cluster of personality disorders that are characterized as making people display anxious and fearful behavior
Cluster C or "Anxious" Personality Disorders
174
range of effectiveness of the treatment for anxious personality disorders
modest to moderate effectiveness
175
avoidant personality disorder
very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, fear rejection, and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation
176
other psychological disorder very similar to avoidant personality disorder
social anxiety disorder
177
key difference between social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder
people with social anxiety disorder fear social circumstances, while people with avoidant personality disorder fear close social relationships
178
percent of adults who have avoidant personality disorder
2% of adults
179
men and women who have avoidant personality disorder
men just as likely as women to have avoidant personality disorder
180
psychodynamic explanation for avoidant personality disorder
feelings of shame and insecurity caused by parents punishing children for accidents; result in person feeling unlovable
181
cognitive-behavioral explanation for avoidant personality disorder
harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume that others will always judge them negatively; failure to develop social skills
182
reason why people with avoidant personality disorder do not have good social skills
they avoid the social situations that would strengthen their social skills
183
why do people with avoidant personality disorder come to therapy?
to find acceptance and affection
184
why do people with avoidant personality disorder have a hard time staying in therapy?
they avoid the sessions, distrust the therapist's sincerity, and start to fear the clinician's rejection
185
effectiveness of treatment for avoidant personality disorder
modestly effective
186
psychodynamic treatment of avoidant personality disorder
help clients recognize and resolve the unconscious conflicts that may be operating
187
cognitive-behavioral treatment for avoidant personality disorder
help clients change their distressing beliefs and thoughts, carry on in the face of painful emotions, improve their self-image, provide social skills training, and exposure treatment
188
how is group therapy useful in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder?
group therapy, especially those that follow cognitive and behavioral principles, have the added advantage of providing clients with practice in social interactions
189
effectiveness of drug therapy in treatment of avoidant personality disorder
antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes useful in reducing the social anxiety of people with avoidant personality disorder
190
dependent personality disorder
pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of; they fear that they cannot care for themselves, so they cling to their relationships, even if they are abusive
191
other disorders that people with dependent personality disorder are prone to have
depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders
192
percent of the population with dependent personality disorder
less than 1% of the population
193
men and women with dependent personality disorder
men and women just as likely to have dependent personality disorder
194
psychodynamic explanations for dependent personality disorder
unconscious conflicts in oral stage of development create lifelong need for nurturance; parents are overcontrolling and overprotective, increasing their child's dependency, insecurity, and separation anxiety
195
object relations theory for dependent personality disorder
parental loss or rejection may prevent normal experiences of attachment and separation, leaving some children with fears of abandonment that persist throughout their lives
196
behavioral factors for the cause of dependent personality disorder
parents rewarded clingy behavior and punished independent behavior in their children; parents served as a model for dependent behavior
197
cognitive factors for the cause of dependent personality disorder
maladaptive attitudes help to produce and maintain dependent personality disorder; dichotomous (black-and-white) thinking may also play a key role
198
key task of the treatment of dependent personality disorder
to help patients accept responsibility for themselves
199
why might the treatment of dependent personality disorder involve the family?
because of the domineering behaviors of the spouse or parent may be influencing the patient's symptoms of dependence
200
how helpful is treatment for dependent personality disorder?
at least moderately helpful
201
psychodynamic treatment for dependent personality disorder
focus on the transference of dependency needs onto the therapist
202
behavioral interventions for dependent personality disorder
therapists provide assertiveness training to help the individuals better express their own wishes in relationships
203
cognitive interventions for dependent personality disorder
therapists try to help the clients challenge their assumptions of incompetence and helplessness
204
how might group therapy help in the treatment of dependent personality disorder?
it provides opportunities to receive support from a number of peers and each of the members model for each other how to express feelings and solve problems
205
how is antidepressant drug therapy useful in the treatment of dependent personality disorder?
it helps people whose personality disorder is accompanied by depressions
206
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency
207
percent of adults with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
7.9%
208
men and women with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
men twice as much as women
209
other psychological disorder that seems related, but not directly, to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
210
other disorders people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are likely to have instead of obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder, an anxiety disorder, or a substance use disorder
211
Freudian theory for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
harsh toilet training during the anal stage fills them with anger and they remain fixated on this stage, and they resist their anger by becoming extremely orderly and restrained
212
psychodynamic theory for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
early struggles with parents over control and independence may ignite the aggressive impulses at the root of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
213
cognitive-behavioral theory for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
illogical thinking maintain the disorder, dichotomous thinking may produce rigidity and perfectionism, and people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder misread or exaggerate the potential outcomes of mistakes or errors
214
psychodynamic therapy for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
help clients recognize, experience, and accept their underlying feelings and insecurities, and perhaps take risks and accept their personal limitations
215
cognitive-behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
help the clients change their dichotomous— "all or nothing" — thinking, perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, indecisiveness, procrastination, and chronic worrying
216
drug that may help treat obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
SSRIs
217
what factor is often left out in discussions about personality disorders?
the cultural context
218
how might culture explain why 75% of those with borderline personality disorder are women?
women experience many of the traumatic experiences that are often prerequisites for the development of borderline personality disorder
219
in light of culture, how should borderline personality disorder be treated?
like a special form of posttraumatic stress disorder
220
in the light of culture, what is borderline personality disorder a reaction to?
persistent feelings of marginality, powerlessness, and social failure
221
in light of culture, what is borderline personality disorder attributable to?
social inequalities rather than psychological factors
222
system of personality that can be used to describe personality disorders
the Big Five theory of personality
223
the Big Five includes these five traits
openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)
224
some of the subfactors of neuroticism
anxiety and hostility
225
some of the subfactors of extroversion
optimism and friendliness
226
the way in which personality disorders would be described using the Big Five
as being high, low, or in between on the five supertraits
227
avoidant personality disorder in the Big Five
high neuroticism
medium agreeableness
medium conscientiousness
low extroversion
low openness to new experiences
228
narcissistic personality disorder in the Big Five
high neuroticism
high extroversion
medium conscientiousness
medium openness to new experiences
low agreeableness
229
while the ICD-II has already adopted its dimensional approach, has the DSM adopted its dimensional approach?
No, the DSM only offers the dimensional model as a proposed system of classification. It may one day become the official system of classification.
230
diagnosis for people with a personality disorder under the DSM-5-TR's dimensional approach
personality disorder-trait specified (PDTS)
231
what does a diagnosis of someone with personality disorder-trait specified identify?
identifies and lists the problematic traits and rates the severity of impairment caused by them
232
the five groups of problematic traits under the DSM-5-TR's dimensional approach
negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism
233
negative affectivity definition
people with negative affectivity experience negative emotions frequently and intensely
234
subtraits of negative affectivity
emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, perseveration, submissiveness, hostility, depressivity, suspiciousness, and strong emotional reactions
235
emotional lability definition
unstable emotions
236
perseveration definition
repetition of certain behaviors despite repeated failures
237
strong emotional reactions definition
overreactions to emotionally arousing situations
238
detachment definition
people who manifest detachment tend to withdraw from other people and social interactions
239
subtraits of detachment
restricted emotional reactivity, depressivity, suspiciousness, withdrawal, anhedonia, and intimacy avoidance
240
restricted emotional reactivity definition
little reaction to emotionally arousing situations
241
anhedonia
inability to feel pleasure or take interest in things
242
antagonism definition
people who display antagonism behave in ways that put them at odds with other people
243
subtraits of antagonism
manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, and hostility
244
disinhibition definition
people who manifest disinhibition behave impulsively, without reflection on potential future consequences
245
subtraits of disinhibition
irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk taking, and imperfection/disorganization
246
psychoticism definition
people who display psychoticism have unusual and bizarre experiences
247
subtraits of psychoticism
unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, and cognitive and perceptual dysregulation
248
cognitive and perceptual dysregulation definition
odd thought processes and sensory experiences
249
what would make an individual qualified to receive a diagnosis for personality disorder-trait specified?
being impaired significantly by any of the five trait groups, or even by just 1 of the 25 traits that make up those groups
250
how are traits rated in terms of their severity of impairment?
on a five-point scale from rating=0 ("little or no impairment") to a rating=4 ("extreme impairment")
251
criticism made about the DSM-5-TR's dimensional approach
it gives diagnosticians an enormous range of personality patterns to diagnose
