Chapter 13 (resp) Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
t/f: inspiration always requires muscle contraction
A
TRUE
2
Q
t/f: during expiration, intra-alveolar pressure increases
A
true
3
Q
t/f: muscles of respiration are smooth muscle
A
false
4
Q
purpose of respiration
A
gas exchange (o2 & co2) heat exchange water loss acid/base balance communication (breathing and talking)
5
Q
respiratory system steps of external respiration
A
- ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
- exchange of o2 and co2 between air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
6
Q
Circulatory system steps of external respiration
A
- transport o2 and co2 by the blood between the lungs and the tissues
- exchange co2 and o2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries
- cellular respiration
7
Q
t/f: increasing volume decreases the pressure
A
true
8
Q
inspiration muscles
A
- diaphragm
- external intercostal muscles
- scalenus and sternomastoid muscles
9
Q
expiration muscles
A
- abdominal muscles
- internal intercostals
10
Q
t/f: inspiration can be passive or active
A
false
11
Q
t/f: expiration can be passive or active
A
true
12
Q
how does the diaphragm move when contracted?
A
downward
13
Q
how do the external intercostal muscles move when contracted?
A
upward and inward to elevate the ribs
14
Q
what happens if you damage the diaphragm?
A
respiratory paralysis
15
Q
t/f: active expiration decreases lung volume
A
true
16
Q
what is compliance?
A
how much effort is required to stretch
17
Q
what happens to transmural pressure when compliance increases
A
increases
18
Q
how do you see an increase in transmural pressure
A
intrapleural pressure being greater than the atmospheric pressure
19
Q
increasing compliance does what (expand/contract) to the thoracic cavity and how?
A
expands thoracic cavity via stronger contraction of inspiratory muscles
20
Q
increasing compliance does what to surfactant production
A
increases
21
Q
decreasing compliance does what to surface tension
A
increases
22
Q
surface tension is reduced by
A
surfactant
23
Q
surfactant is produced by what cells
A
type 2 alveolar cells
24
Q
how does increasing alveolar radius affect inward collapsing pressure?
A
decreases
25
what does surfactant do?
decrease hydrogen bonds to decrease water particle attraction
26
what is surfactant made of
lipids and proteins
27
decreasing radius without surfactant does what to inward collapsing pressure (collapse tendency)
increases
28
what is elastic recoil
how readily the lungs rebound after being stretched
29
how is elastic recoil affected by emphysema
increased
30
a decrease of elastic recoil causes:
difficulty breathing (with increased resistance)
31
t/f: elastic recoil is decreased by surfactant
true
32
t/f: compliance is a measure of the change in lung volume from a change in transmural pressure gradient
true
33
t/f: surfactant discourages against alveolar collapse
true
34
t/f: surfactant facilities lung expansion
true
35
what forces keep the alveoli open
transmural pressure gradient and pulmonary surfactant
36
what forces promote alveolar collapse
elasticity of stretched pulmonary connective tissue fibers (recoil) and alveolar surface tension
37
atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
38
intraalveolar pressure is found where
inside the lungs
39
intrapleural pressure is found where
in thorax- not in lungs
40
what pressures keep the alveoli open
intra-alveolar pressure (out pushing) > intrapleural pressure (in pushing)
41
pressure changes during inhalation
- expand chest cavity
- decrease intrapleual pressure
- decrease intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric
- draw air into alveoli
42
pressure changes during exhalation
- decrease intrathoracic volume
- increase intrapleural pressure
- increase intra-alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure
- air leaves alveoli
43
pressure changes between breaths
intra-alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure
44
when does intrapleural pressure exceed intra-alveolar pressure?
forcefully coughing
45
what is the main characteristic of pneumothorax
air in pleural cavity due to compromise or piercing from outside
46
why do the lungs collapse during pneumothorax?
intra-alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
- increased volume
- decreased pressure
47
t/f: resting expiration is passive
true
48
t/f: exercise expiration is active
true
49
what muscles cause active expiration
accessory expiratory muscles
50
t/f: parasympathetic tone increases resistance which cause bronchoconstriction
true
51
t/f: sympathetic tone decreases resistance which causes bronchodilation
true
52
what receptor contributes to sympathetic tone causing bronchodilation
beta 2 agonist- has no affect on the heart and counteracts constriction
53
t/f: intrapleural pressure is always below intra-alveolar pressure
true
54
t/f: pressure increases in the thoracic cavity as volume decreases
true
55
what is tidal volume
air entering/leaving per breath
56
inspiratory reserve volume
extra volume that be inspired beyond regular tidal volume
57
inspiratory capacity
maximum in quiet inspiration (TV + IRV)
58
expiratory reserve volume
extra volume that can be expired beyond regular tidal volume
59
residual volume
minimum volume remaining after max. expiration
60
functional residual capacity
volume remaining after passive expiration (ERV + RV)
61
Vital Capacity
maximum volume moved out during one breath following max. inspiration
62
t/f: only 3% of total body energy is spent on breathing
true
63
Increasing respiratory volume effects:
- decrease compliance
- increase resistance
- decrease recoil
- increased demand
64
COPD affect on resistance and respiratory volume
increase; decrease
65
t/f: increasing respiratory volumes causes inadequate passive expiration
true
66
obstructive pulmonary disease
harder to breath out than in
| - airflow limiting disorder
67
causes of obstructive pulmonary disease
- cystic fibrosis
- asthma
- bronchiectasis
- bronchitis
- emphysema
68
cystic fibrosis
mainly affects males; causes thick mucus production and lack of serous production in lungs; increases resistance by decreasing diameter
69
what is COPD
combination of asthma and emphysema
70
what is bronchiectasis
airway collapse
71
bronchitis
inflammation of bronchioles
72
what does bronchitis do to the radius and how does that affect resistance?
decreases radius, increases resistance
73
emphysema
air trapped outside alveoli that has nowhere to go
74
if lungs are hyper-inflated, what happens?
can't get the air out that you need to, decrease expiratory reserve volume, bronchioles collapse
75
restrictive pulmonary disease
harder to get air in than out- diaphragm may contract but super hard to completely open
76
t/f: restrictive pulmonary disease is also known as low air-volume disorder
true
77
intrapulmonary restrictive pulmonary disorder
- pneumonia
- pulmonary fibrosis
- pulmonary edema
78
extrapulmonary restrictive pulmonary disease
rib fractures and neuromuscular
79
pulmonary ventilation
tidal volume x respiratory rate
80
deadspace
volume of air not used for gas exchange
81
volume of deadspace
150 mL
82
alveolar ventilation
(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
83
how does decreased o2 affect pulmonary arterioles
vasoconstrict
84
how does decreased o2 affect systemic arterioles
vasodilation
85
how does increased o2 affect pulmonary arterioles
vasodilation
86
how does increased o2 affect systemic arterioles
vasoconstriction
87
partial pressure gradients
determines how much of a substance will be dissolved in the blood
88
partial pressure gradient percentages of n2, o2, and co2
```
Pn2= 79%
Po2= 21%
Pco2= 0.04%
```
89
t/f: partial pressure of o2 determines how much hemoglobin is bound
true
90
alveolar air partial pressures
```
Ph2o= 47 mmHg
Pn2= 563 mmHg
Po2= 100 mmHg (lowered from 150)
Pco2= 40 mmHg
```
91
what contributes to the decrease in partial pressure of o2 in alveoli? and how?
water and dead space
| - water remains when air is depleted, then when air enters, the pressure is decreased
92
what does nicotine do to thickness and exchange?
increases thickness, decreases exchange
93
t/f: gas always diffuses down partial pressure gradients (high to low)
true
94
t/f: arterial pressure is higher than alveolar pressure
false
95
why does Pco2 increase after exchange?
co2 released from tissues to be released through expiration but also maintains pH and the acid-base balance
96
rate of exchange
surface area where exchange occurs
97
t/f: increasing pressure difference increases exchange
true
98
influences on exchange
- surface area (A)
- membrane thickness (Δx)
- solubility (B)
99
how does solubility influence exchange
co2 is more soluble than o2
100
what diseases affect exchange
increased membrane thickness (decrease)
| reduction in surface area (decrease)-- emphysema
101
fick's law of diffusion
Q= (ΔC * A * B)/ (MW^1/2 * ΔX)
102
lipid soluble substances
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- anesthetics
- ethanol
103
local control to adjust ventilation to a lung area with large airflow and small blood flow
decreases co2 in area → increased contraction of local-airway smooth muscle → constrict airways locally → increase airway resistance → decrease airflow
104
local control to adjust perfusion to a lung area with large airflow and small blood flow
increase o2 in area → relaxation of local pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle → dilation of blood vessels locally → decrease vascular resistance → increase blood flow
105
when do arterioles at the top of the lungs dilate?
when they sense a lot of o2
106
when do arterioles at the bottom of lungs constrict?
when o2 is low
107
why do you toss and turn at night?
maintain ventilation-perfusion ratio
108
local control to adjust ventilation to a lung area with large blood flow and small airflow
increases co2 in area → relaxation of local-airway smooth muscle → dilate airways locally → decrease airway resistance → increase airflow
109
local control to adjust perfusion to a lung area with large blood flow and small airflow
decrease o2 in area → increased contraction of local pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle → constriction of blood vessels locally → increase vascular resistance → decrease blood flow
110
t/f: oxygen is greatly soluble in plasma
false
111
what attaches to hemoglobin
oxygen
112
how much hemoglobin is attached to oxygen
98.5%
113
reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)
not combined with oxygen
114
oxyhemoglobin
oxygen combined with the heme group
115
t/f: when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin it has a great effect on Po2
false
116
what does hemoglobin do?
remove o2 from the blood so more can be dissolved
117
in the lungs, how much hemoglobin is saturated?
97.5%
118
after exchange, how much hemoglobin is saturated?
90%
119
t/f: hemoglobin prolongs existence of pressure gradient
true
120
t/f: as partial pressure of oxygen decreases, hemoglobin releases more o2
true
121
when do we see more oxygen delivered?
hemoglobin saturation with slight changes in amount of oxygen in the blood
- large change in hemoglobin saturation, small change in partial pressure of o2
122
how much o2 in the blood is removed by the heart?
65%
123
what is the primary driver for respiration
carbon dioxide
124
t/f: increasing partial pressure of o2 in pulmonary capillaries will shift the curve right
true
125
t/f: decreasing partial pressure of o2 in systemic capillaries will shift the curve left
true
126
steep portion of hemoglobin curve allows:
a large amount of o2 available to the tissues
127
how low does o2 have to get in blood to trigger respiration
65 mmHg (can fall below at high altitidues)
128
increase co2 does what to hemoglobin
causes hemoglobin to release more o2 (right shift)
129
increase hydrogen ion concentration does what to pH
decreases pH (shift right)
130
increase in BPG does what to hemoglobin?
hemoglobin release more o2 (shift right)
131
carbon monoxide does what to hemoglobin?
causes hemoglobin to hold onto more o2 causing a decrease in amount of o2 going to the tissues (shift left)
132
how does increasing temperature affect hemoglobin?
cause hemoglobin to release more o2 to tissue at higher temperatures (shift right)
133
t/f: carboxyhemoglobin is the dominant hemoglobin
true
134
decrease pH= ____ acidity = _____ H+ ions
increase; increase
135
t/f: a left shift of the hemoglobin curve releases more o2 to tissues
false
136
when is a right shift dangerous?
causes a decrease in exchange eventually which causes less oxygen to the tissues, hemoglobin is not picking up oxygen like it should be
137
t/f: 60% of co2 is transported as bicarbonate
true
138
bicarbonate buffer equation
co2 + h2o ⇿ h2co3 ⇿ h+ + hco3-
139
what does carbonic anhydrase do?
accelerate reaction which allows large amount of co2 to interact with red blood cells before leaving capillary bed
140
t/f: 30% of co2 is transported as carbaminohemoglobin
true
141
how much co2 is dissolved in the plasma
10%
142
what does co2 bind to in hemoglobin?
globin
143
what does o2 bind to in hemoglobin?
heme
144
hypoxia
insufficient o2 at the cellular level
145
haldane effect
reduced hemoglobin has a greater affinity to bind to co2
146
bohr effect
hydrogen is affecting hemoglobin's ability to bind to o2
147
t/f: increasing hydrogen and carbon dioxide can actually help hemoglobin unload oxygen
true
148
t/f: hemoglobin has to release oxygen before carbon dioxide can bind
false
149
co2 binding to oxyhemoglobin aids in:
release of o2 from hemoglobin and increases o2 delivery to tissues
150
hyperventilation
release too much co2 (decrease co2)
increase pH
increase o2
151
hypoventilation
not enough movement of air
- decreased o2
- increased co2
152
pre-botzinger complex
pacemaker of breathing
1. fires every 3-5 seconds
2. pH sensitive
153
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
stimulation= inspiration
| lack of stimulation = expiration
154
t/f: DRG generates rhythm
false
155
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
inspiratory and expiratory neurons
| active inspiration and expiration
156
pons respiratory center
fine tuning
| - affect respiratory pattern
157
pneumotaxic center
inhibitory toward DRG
| - prevent over inflation of lungs
158
apneustic center
protect DRG
159
pre-botzinger and dorsal respiratory complex create
tidal volume
160
t/f: when DRG is not activated: passive expiration occurs
true
161
t/f: VRG modifies breathing patterns and is responsible for active expiration
true
162
what happens if medullary respiratory center is damaged?
respiratory failure
163
if there is pressure on the DRG area, what kind of breathing would occur?
active breathing only
| - no passive breathing bc DRG would be constantly activated by the pressure
164
t/f: if apneustic center is in control, severe brain damage will occur
true
165
t/f: arterial Po2 is a strong driver of regulation
false
166
what is arterial Pco2 indicative of?
hydrogen levels
167
increasing arterial Pco2 will weakly do what?
activate peripheral chemoreceptors which will feed into the medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and decrease arterial Pco2 to relieve the initial increase
168
what does an increase arterial Pco2 pathologically do?
affect medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and decrease Pco2
169
how does an increase of arterial Pco2 affect the brain?
increase brain-ECF Pco2 which then increase Brain-ECF H+ due to carbonic anhydrase (bicarbonate buffer system) which will activate the central chemoreceptors which feed into the medullary respiratory center which will increase ventilation and decrease arterial Pco2 to relieve the initial increase
