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Physiology > Chapter 13 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Respiratory System Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

all the body processes that accomplish movement of O2 to and CO2 from the tissues to support cell metabolism

A

Respiration

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2
Q

the entire sequence of events in exchange of O2 and CO2 between the environment and tissue cells

A

External Respiration

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3
Q

intracellular metabolic processes carried out within mitochondria that use O2 and produce CO2

A

Cellular respiration

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4
Q

ratio of carbon dioxide exhaled to oxygen uptake

A

Respiratory quotient

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5
Q

What RQ value is fat, alcohol, carbohydrates, and protein usually close to?

A

Fat- 0.7
Alcohol- 0.7
Carbohydrate- 0.1
Protein- 0.8

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6
Q

What organ takes up most of the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs

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7
Q

Where is the diaphragm located?

A

below the lungs, in between thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

-double-walled, closed sac that encases the lungs
-inner wall attached to outer lung surface
-outer wall attached to thoracic wall

A

Plural sac

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9
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the circulatory system?

A

alveoli

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10
Q

What cell type makes up most of the alveoli?

A

Type I alveolar cells

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11
Q

What substance is secreted by Type II alveolar cells? What does this substance do?

A

surfactant, facilitates lung expansion

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12
Q

provide defense against inhaled microbes and debris

A

alveolar macrophages

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13
Q

connect adjacent alveoli, providing alternate air route if other airway is blocked

A

Pores of Kohn

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14
Q

Where is the atmospheric pressure

A

exerted by weight of gas in the environment on the objects on Earth

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15
Q

Where is the intra-alveolar pressure

A

within the alveoli

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16
Q

Where is the intrapleural pressure?

A

within the pleural sac

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17
Q

What keeps the intrapleural pressure below atmospheric pressure?

A

Lungs are elastic and tend to pull inward (inner pleural sac pulled inward causes decrease in pressure in the intrapleural cavity)

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18
Q

difference between intra-alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

A

Transmural pressure gradient

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19
Q

how does transmural pressure gradient relate to lung function?

A

transmural pressure gradient is what keeps the lungs inflated, it opposes the elastic force of the lungs

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20
Q

What happens when the transmural pressure gradient is eliminated due to puncture of the pleural sac? What is this called?

A

collapsed lung aka pneumothorax

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21
Q

at any constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with the volume of the container

A

Boyle’s law

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22
Q

How does Boyle’s law relate to air flow through the lungs?

A

applies to how air moves into and out of lungs during respiration (high to low pressure)

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23
Q

What are the muscles involved with inspiration, and how do they cause it?

A

two major muscles are diaphragm and external intercostals, cause it by expanding the thorax and therefore the outer pleural sac

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24
Q

the natural recoil of diaphragm and external intercostals

A

Passive expiration

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25
contraction of first two plus the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
Active expiration
26
how much effort is required to stretch the lungs, similar to how easy or difficult it is to stretch a balloon
compliance
27
How would an individual deal with less compliant lungs?
more forceful contraction of muscles needed to expand thoracic cavity more to increase transmural pressure gradient
28
What factors impact the elastic recoil of lungs?
elastin fibers in lung tissue and alveolar surface tension (most important) in thin film of liquid lining alveoli
29
Why does surface tension affect elastic recoil?
surface tension is the attraction of water molecules to each other instead of air
30
How does pulmonary surfactant help elastic recoil?
surfactant breaks up the cohesive bonds which decreases tension
31
If given the Law of LaPlace, could you use it to determine inward collapsing pressure in an alveolus?
P= (2T)/r
32
What does a spirometer measure?
respiratory volumes
33
Do the lungs completely empty during passive expiration? How about after maximal expiration?
No
34
volume exchanged during single breath
tidal volume
35
Does gas exchange occur during expiration?
no, alveoli reduce in volume during expiration, returning gas (lower in O2 and higher in CO2) up the bronchial tree to the mouth
36
What two factors determine pulmonary ventilation?
tidal volume (mL/breath) x respiratory rate (breath/min)
37
volume of inspired air that does not reach alveoli (stuck in airways and not available for gas exchange)
Anatomic dead space
38
Alveolar ventilation= ?
(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
39
What parts of the lungs are wrapped in smooth muscle?
bronchioles
40
Parasympathetic stimulation causes broncho___________ and sympathetic stimulation causes broncho__________.
constriction, dilatation
41
How does bronchiolar smooth muscle react to a decrease in local CO2 concentration?
response to decrease concentration by decreasing airflow by bronchoconstriction --> large airflow
42
How does bronchiolar smooth muscle react to an increase in local CO2 concentration?
response to increase concentration by increasing airflow by bronchodilation --> small airflow
43
How does pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle react to an increase O2 concentration?
react to increase by increasing blood flow (small blood flow)
44
How does pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle react to a decrease in O2 concentration?
react to decrease by decreasing blood flow (large blood flow)
45
The pressure an individual gas exerts in a mixture of gases
partial pressure
46
Is the PO2 in the alveoli greater than or less than that in the atmosphere? Why?
alveoli lower than atmosphere because 1) air is humidified, diluting the air with the additional partial pressure of vaporized H2O 2) volume of freshly breathed-in air is mixed with larger volume leftover in lungs—this old air has less O2
47
Is the PO2 of blood coming in from the pulmonary arteries greater than or less than that in the alveoli?
greater than
48
Is the PCO2 of blood coming in from the pulmonary arteries greater than or less than that in the alveoli?
less than
49
How is most O2 transported in the blood?
hemoglobin
50
Is hemoglobin more saturated at the pulmonary capillaries or at the systemic capillaries?
more saturated in the pulmonary capillaries
51
What determines how much O2 combines into oxyhemoglobin?
PO2 of the blood
52
percentage of O2 binding sites from all hemoglobin molecules that are filled with O2
Percent hemoglobin saturation
53
Does O2 bound to hemoglobin contribute to the PO2 of the blood?
NO
54
How would a greater O2 demand in hard-working tissues change the percent hemoglobin saturation at the systemic capillaries in those tissues?
hardworking tissues would decrease amount of saturated hemoglobin because the 4 factors occur at tissue level during high metabolic activity
55
What are the three ways in which CO2 is transported in the blood?
1) dissolved gas (10%) 2) hemoglobin (globin subunit, 30%) 3) bicarbonate (HCO3- 60%)
56
What is the role does carbonic anhydrase play in CO2 transport? Where is it located?
-catalyzes conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate (HCO3) -it is an enzyme stored in erythrocytes
57
What four factors affect the dissociation curve between percent hemoglobin saturation and PO2? What affect do they have on percent hemoglobin saturation?
1) increased Pco2 2) increased H+ (acid) 3) increased temperature 4) increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) - first 3 increase amount of O2 to tissues, 4 ensure enough O2 is unloaded at tissues
58
Where is BPG produced during metabolic activity?
In erythrocytes
59
When does the production of BPG increase?
When hemoglobin is chronically undersaturated to ensure there is enough O2 at the level of the tissues
60
Do inspiratory muscles create self-generating contractions?
No, they require electrical stimulation from motor axons.
61
Network of neurons that create self-induced action potentials that underlie the respiratory rhythm
Pre-Botzinger complex
62
Neurons that project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord of inspiratory muscles (they receive input from the Pre-Botzinger complex
Dorsal Respiration group (DRG)
63
What are the two pons respiratory centers?
Pneumotaxic center and bpneustic center
64
neurons that are recruited by DRG during increased inspiration or active expiration (some project down to motor neurons in the spinal cord of expiratory muscles)
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
65
Which group of neurons triggers inspiratory muscles?
-inspiratory triggered by dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
66
What neural center fine tunes inspiration and expiration?
-fine tuned by pons pnuemotaxic and apneustic centers
67
Which group of neurons triggers active expiratory muscles?
expiratory triggered by ventral respiratory group (VRG)
68
What signal is the main regulator of ventilation?
CO2-generated H+ in the brain
69
How does an increase in arterial CO2 increase this signal?
Increased PCO2 in the brain ECF leads to increased H+
70
What neural structure senses the signal?
central chemoreceptors
71
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors strongly sensitive to?
O2 when PO2 falls below 60 mmHg
72
A group of lung diseases characterized increased airway resistance due to narrowed airways
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
73
What three diseases are considered types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, and Emphysema

Physiology (9 decks)

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