Chapter 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Three broad combined symptoms of schizophrenia coined by Emil Kraepelin. What was this latin term first coined as?

A

1) catatonia: alternating immobility and excited agitation
2) hebephrenia: silly and immature emotionality
3) paranoia: delusions of grandeur and persecution.

coined as DEMENTIA PRAECOX

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2
Q

Who was the first to introduce the term schizophrenia

A

Eugen bleuler; a swiss psychiatrist. “split mind” Associative splitting was seen; fragmentation of basic personality functions.

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3
Q

What is psychotic

A

a term that has been used to characterize unusual behaviours involving DELUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS.

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4
Q

group of diagnoses recognized as related by those in the field of schizophrenia and all share features of extreme reality distortion

A

schizophrenia spectrum disorder

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5
Q

three broad classifications of symptoms of SSD

A

1) positive
2) negative
3) disorganized symptoms: rambling speech, erratic behaviour and inappropriate affect

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6
Q

delusions

A

a disorder of thought content. Can be delusions of grandeur or persecution

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7
Q

Hallucinations. What are the most common?

A

experiences of sensory events without input from surrounding environments. Can involve any of the senses, but AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS ARE THE MOST COMON. There is an abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex

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8
Q

auditory hallucinations may be due to:

A

abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex

studies have shown that there is increased metabolic activity in the left primary auditory cortex and in the right middle termpoal gyrus.

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9
Q

5 main negative symptoms

A

1) avolition
2) alogia
3) anhedonia
4) asociality
5) affective flattening

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10
Q

what is avolution

A

inability to initiate or persist in activities. Also known as apathy; the lack of showing interest in performing any activity, including basic hygiene

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11
Q

what is alogia

A

absense of speech; brief replies; little content and appear uninterested in conversation

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12
Q

what is anhedonia

A

lack of pleasure experiences

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13
Q

what is asociality

A

lack of interest in social interactions

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14
Q

what is affective flattening

A

no open (expressive) reaction to emotional situations.

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15
Q

Catanonic immobility and inappropriate affect are examples of ___ symptoms

A

disorganized.
ex/ inappropriate affect: laughing or crying at inappropriate times

catatonic immobility
- keeping body and limbs in unusual position; including keeping them in the position they are put in by someone else.

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16
Q

According to the DSM, the presence of 2 or more symptoms of:
1) delusions
2) hallucinations
3) disorganized speech
4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
5) negative symptoms
must be present for how long?

A

they must be present for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period

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17
Q

Disorganized speech is an example of ___ symptoms.What specific responses are seen?

A

disorganized symptoms. Tangentiality is often seen. this means that you do not answer the question and you just say unrelated things

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18
Q

schizophrenia spectrum disorder can classify a bunch of different disorders including

A

1) schizotypal personality disorder
2) schizophreniform disorder
3) schizoaffective disorder
4) delusional disorder
5) brief psychotic disorder

19
Q

clinical description of schizotypal personality disorder

A
  • social deficits, psychotic-like symptoms, paranoia, magical thinking, hypersensitive to criticism as children. People with schizotypal PD are typically socially isolated and behaviour oddly. They tend to be suspicious and have odd beliefs about the world.
20
Q

Causes of schizotypal PD

A

genetics and possibly left hemisphere damage.

21
Q

a disorder in which a person experiences “bouts” of schizophrenia for a few months, but then they can resume normal lives.

A

schizophreniform disorder. Symptoms must last less than 6 months

22
Q

Description of schizoaffective disorder

A

includes people who have symptoms of schizophrenia and who ALSO EXHIBIT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER MOOD DISORDERS such as depression and bipolar affective disorder.

23
Q

delusional disorder

A

people with a persistentbelief that is contrary to reality, in the absence of the other characteristics of schizophrenia.

ex/ they will have delusions or paranoia but they will not hav ea flat affect or anhedonia.

24
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

includes people who experience some symptoms of schizophrenia but for less than a month.

25
Q

5 main delusional subtypes

A

1) erotomanic: someone’s mistaken belief that a higher-status and unsuspecting person is in love with him or her. RESULTS IN THE PERSON FOLLOWING THE HIGHER RANKING PERSON AROUND AND STALKING.
2) grandiose delusions: believing in one’s inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship
3) jealous delusions: believing that their partners are excluding them or unfaithful
4) persecutory type of delusion: involves the person believing that he or she is being malevolently treated in some way
5) somatic type of delusion: the person feels afflicted by a physical defect or general medical condition.

26
Q

shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux)

A

the condition in which an individual develops delusions simply as a result of a close
relationship with a delusional individual.

27
Q

delusional disorders can also be caused by drugs or other medical conditions, in which case they are not truly considered a schizophrenic-like delusional disorder. Instead what are they called?

A

1) substance-induced psychotic disorder

2) psychotic disorder due to a medical condition.

28
Q

attenuated psychosis syndrome

A

people with symptoms of schizophrenia but they are aware of the troubling and bizzare nature of these symptoms.

29
Q

Statistics: 0.2% to 1.5% in general population are affected by schizophrenia. What is the life expectancy

A
  • slightly less than average life expectancy .
    there are also higher rates of suicide and accidents. There are higher rates of obesity, smoking, angina, and respiratory problems.
30
Q

T/F: men are more affected by schizophrenia than women

A

false. They are affected at the same rate, but ONSET is different

The onset of schizophrenia is greatest in EARLY adulthood and decline with age for males, whereas the reverse is true for females.

31
Q

T/F schizophrenic tendencies can be seen in kids

A

true. children that go on to develop schizophrenia show early clinical features such as mild physicla abnormalities, poor motor coordination and mild cognitive and social problems.

32
Q

When do the more severe symptoms of schizophrenia manifest?

A

More severe symptoms first occur in late adolescence or early adulthood

33
Q

what are the prodromal stages of schizophrenia development

A

occurs in 85% of people with schizophrenia. there is a 1-2 year period of less severe symptoms.

Largely characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder (reference problems where they think random coincidences are about them, or believing in magical thinking, isolation, marked impairment in functioning)

34
Q

T/F: once initial symptoms occur, the person is immediately high risk

A

false. Once symptoms appear, tales 2-10 years for someone to meet full criteria.

35
Q

in north america, what demographic is more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia

A

black people– MAY REFLECT MISDIAGNOSIS due to bias against minority groups

36
Q

which countries are more likely to improve or recover from schizophrenia

A

colombia, india, nigeria.

treatment outcome are better in poorer countries.

37
Q

Explain how family studies have shown genetic influences of schizophrenia

A
  • children of schizophrenic parents are likely to have it too
  • having a family member with schozphrenia predisposes you to BEING AT RISK FOR A SPECTRUM OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA

-having schizophrenia varies according to how many genes you share with an individual who has the disorder.

38
Q

Twin studies on schizophrenia findings

A

twins/quadruplets have different onset, symptoms, diagnoses, course and outcomes, but schizophrenia is definitely heritable.

39
Q

adoption studies on schizophrenia

A

even when raised away from their biological parents, children of parents with schizophrenia have a much higher chance of having the disorder themselves.

40
Q

it is says that schizophrenia is linked to cannabis use. When is this true?

A

only when the person carries a valine 158 mutation in the allele for COMT (catechol-o-methyltransferase)

41
Q

three big genes associated with increased susceptibility to schizophrenia

A

1) Neuregulin 1
2) DTNBP1
3) COMT : important in playing a role in DA metabolism.

42
Q

Example of a marker for schizophrenia (test)

A

eye-tracking deficits may be a marker for schizophrenia. (using smooth persuit eye-movement test): people predisposed to schizophrenia have problems smoothly tracking obejcts that move across a screen.

43
Q

explain what it means whern schizophrenia involves quantitative trait loci.

A

schizophrenia involves more than one gene.