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From Flashcardlet > Chapter 13 - Spinal Cord Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

meninges

A

three protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain;
three: dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia matter;
all three cover spinal nerves up to the point where they exit the spinal column

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2
Q

spinal meninges

A

surround the spinal cord;

continuous with cranial meninges

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3
Q

cranial meninges

A

encircle the brain

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4
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

where spinal nerves exit;

openings through which blood vessels deliver nutrients and remove CO2 and wastes from bone tissue*

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5
Q

epidural space

A

space between the dura mater and wall of the vertebral canal

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6
Q

dura mater

A

most superficial:
composed of dense irregular connective tissue;
forms a sac from the level of the foramen magnum in the occipital bone;
contiinuous with the meningeal dura mater of the brain/second to sacral vertebra;
continuous with epineurium

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7
Q

epineurium

A

outer covering of spinal and cranial nerves

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8
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle of the meningeal membranes;
thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers;
appearance if spider’s web arrangement of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers;
deep to the dura mater;
continuous through the foramin magnum with the arachnoid mater of the brain

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9
Q

subdural space

A

between dura mater and arachnoid mater;
thin;
contains interstitial fluid

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10
Q

pia mater

A

thin transparent connective tissue later;
adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain;
consists of thin squamous to cuboidal cells within interlacing bundles of collagen fibers/some fine elastic fibers;
many blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to spinal cord

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11
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

triangular shaped membranous extensions of pia mater;
Holds spinal cord in place with filum terminale;
suspend spinal cord in the middles of its dural sheath;
thickenings of the pia mater;
project laterally and fuse with arachnoid mater and inner surface of dura mater between the anterior and posterior nerve roos of spinal nerves on either side;;
protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in shock

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12
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia mater;

contains shock absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

spinal tap

A

long holllow needle inserted into subarachnoid space to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes;
introduce antiobiotics, contrast media for myelography or anesthetics, administer chemotherapy, measure CSF pressure, evaluate the effects of treatment for diseases (meningitis)

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14
Q

spinal cord

A

oval shaped;
Held together by the filum terminale and denticulate ligaments;
extends from medulla oblongata (inferior part of the brain) to superior border of the second lumbar vertebra;
elongation stops at age 4/5; growth of vertebral column continues;
does not extend the entire length of adult vertebral column;
length = 42-45 cm (16-18 inches);
max diameter = 1.5 cm (.6 in);
ends near the level of superior border of the second lumbar vertebra (L2);

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15
Q

cervical and brachial plexus

A

extend from the neck

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16
Q

cervical enlargement

A

superior enlargement;
extends from the fourth cervical vertebra (C4) to first thoracic vertebra (T1);
nerves to and from upper limbs arise from here

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17
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

inferior enlargement;
extends from the 9th and 12th thoracic vertebra;
nerves to and from lower limbs arise from here

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18
Q

conus medullaris

A

inferior to lumbar enlargement;
spinal cord terminates here;
tapering, conical structure;
ends at level of intervertebral disk between the first and second lumbar vertebrae

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19
Q

filum terminale

A

arises from the conus modulars;
Holds spinal cord together along with denticulate ligaments;
extension of pia mater;
extends inferiorly;
fuses with arachnoid mater and dura mater;
anchors spinal cord to coccyx

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20
Q

spinal nerves

A

paths of communication between spinal cord and specific regions of the body;
appears to be segmented;
31 pairs emerge at regular intervals from intervertebral foramina;

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21
Q

spinal nerve segments

A 
naming is based on segment in which they are located;
8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8);
12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1-T12);
5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1-L5);
5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1-S5);
1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Co1)
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22
Q

roots

A

two bundles of axons;

connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord

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23
Q

rootlets

A

smaller bundles of axons

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24
Q

posterior (dorsal) root

A

contain only sensory axons;
conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into cans;
each root has a swelling

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25
Q

posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

A

posterior root swelling;

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

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26
Q

anterior (ventral) root

A

contain axons of motor neurons;

conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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27
Q

cauda equina

A

“horse’s tail”;
roots of lower spinal nerves angel inferiorly alongside the filum terminal n vertebral canal like wisps of hair;
roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves descend at an angle to reach respective foramina before emerging from the vertebral column

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28
Q

white matter

A

consists primarily of bundles of myelinated axons of neurons;
penetrated and divided by two grooves - anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus;
organized into regions;

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29
Q

anterior media fissure

A

wide groove on anterior (ventral) side

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30
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

narrow furrow on posterior (dorsal) side

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31
Q

gray matter

A

h-shaped;
consists of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia;
subdivided into regions (horns)

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32
Q

gray commissure

A

forms crossbar of h shape

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33
Q

central canal

A

small space within gray commissure;
extends entire length of spinal cord;
filled with CSF;
at superior end, continuous with 4th ventricle (contains CSF) in the medulla oblongata of brain;

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34
Q

anterior white commissure

A

anterior to gray commissure;

connects the which matter of right and left sides of spinal cord

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35
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies that form functional groups

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36
Q

sensory nuclei

A

receive input from receptors via sensory neurons

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37
Q

motor nuclei

A

provide output to effector tissues via motor neurons

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38
Q

horns

A

subdivision of gray matter on each side of the spinal cord

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39
Q

posterior (dorsal) gray horns

A

contain cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons;
divide white matter into three broad areas (columns)

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40
Q

sensory neurons

A

cell bodies are located in posterior (dorsal) root ganglion of spinal nerve

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41
Q

anterior (ventral) gray horns

A

contain somatic motor nuclei;

divide white matter into three broad areas (columns)

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42
Q

somatic motor nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons;

provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal mscles

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43
Q

lateral gray horns

A

between posterior and anterior gray horns;
present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord;
contain autonomic motor nuclei

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44
Q

autonomic motor nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons;

regulate activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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45
Q

columns

A

anterior and posterior gray horns divide white matter;
anterior (ventral) white columns, posterior (dorsal) matter, lateral white columns;
each contain distinct bundles of axons;
have a coming origin or destination and carry similar info;
bundles may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord

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46
Q

tracts

A

bundles that extend long distances up and down the spinal cord;
bundles of axons on the CNS

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47
Q

sensory (ascending) tracts of spinal cord

A

carry nerve impulses to the brain;

continuous with sensory and motor tracts in brain

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48
Q

motor (descending) tracts of spinal cord

A

carry nerve impulses from the brain;

continuous with sensory and motor tracts in brain

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49
Q

spinal nerves

A

found in PNS;
bundles of axons and associated neuroglia cells wrapped in several layers of connective tissue;
connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body;
not all aligned with corresponding vertebrae;

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50
Q

first cervical pair of spinal nerves

A

emerges from spinal cord between occipital bone and atlas (first cervical vertebra - C1)

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51
Q

remaining spinal nerves

A

emerge from spinal cord though intervertebral foramina between adjoining vertebrae

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52
Q

C1-C7

A

exit vertebral canal above their corresponding vertebrae

53
Q

C8

A

exits the vertebral canal between vertebra C7 and T1

54
Q

T1-L5

A

exits vertebral canal below their corresponding vertebrae

55
Q

S1-S5 and Co1

A

roots enter the sacral canal

56
Q

S1-4

A

exit sacral canal via 4 pairs of anterior and postural sacral foramina

57
Q

S5 and Co1

A

exit sacral canal via the sacral hiatus

58
Q

mixed nerve

A

spinal nerve;

posterior root contains sensory axons, anterior root contains motor axons

59
Q

endoneurium

A

covers axons within a nerve;
innermost layer;
consists of mesh of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages

60
Q

fascicles

A

bundles that hold together groups of axons with their endoneurium

61
Q

perineurium

A

middle layer;
wrapped around fascicles;
thicker layers of connective tissue:
up to 15 layers of fibroblasts within a network of collage fibers

62
Q

epineurium

A

outermost covering of nerve;
consists of fiber blasts and thick college fibers;
extensions fill spaces between fascicles;
fuses with dura mater of spinal merninges as nerve passes through intervertebral foramen;

63
Q

branches

A

rami - spinal nerve division;

posterior (dorsal) ramus, anterior (ventral) ramus

64
Q

posterior (dorsal) ramus

A

serves the deep muscles and skin of posterior surface of the trunk

65
Q

anterior (ventral) ramus

A

serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and skin of lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk

66
Q

meningeal branch

A

given by spinal nerves;
reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen;
suplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of spinal cord, and meninges

67
Q

rami communicantes

A

branch of spinal nerve;

component of the autonomic nervous system

68
Q

plexus

A

axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves (except for T2-T12) do not go through body structures they supply;
network formed on both left and right sides of body by joining with various numbers of axons from anterior rami of adjacent nerves

69
Q

principle plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (smaller but present) - exhibit 13A-D

70
Q

Intercoastal nerves

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12;
thoracic nerves;
directly connect to structures they supply in the intercostal spaces

71
Q

cervical plexus

A

formed by roots of 1st four cervical nerves (C1-C4) with contributions from C5;
one on each side of the neck alongside the first four cervical vertebrae;
supplies the skin and muscles of head, neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest;
phrenic nerves arise and supply motor fibers to diaphragm;
run parallel to 2 cranial nerves, accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) nerve

72
Q

brachial plexus

A

roots of spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1;
extends inferiorly and laterally on either side of the last 4 cervical and first thoracic vertebrae;
passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle and then enters the axilla;
provides almost the entire nerve supply of the shoulders and upper limbs;

73
Q

brachial plexus parts

A

roots, trunks, divisions, chords, branches

74
Q

brachial plexus parts - roots

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves

75
Q

brachial plexus parts - trunks

A

united roots of several spinal nerves;
inferior part of neck;
superior, middle, and inferior;
merge into divisions

76
Q

brachial plexus parts - divisions

A

posterior to clavicles;
trunk divergence;
anterior and posterior;
unite to form cords

77
Q

brachial plexus parts - cords

A

in axillae, united divisions;
lateral, medial, and posterior
named for their relationship to the axillary artery

78
Q

axillary artery

A

large artery that supplies blood to the upper limb

79
Q

brachial plexus parts - branches

A

form the principal nerves of the brachial plexus

80
Q

5 terminals arising from the brachial plexus

A

axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

81
Q

axillary nerve

A

supplies deltoid and trees minor muscles

82
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

supplies anterior muscles of the arm

83
Q

radial nerve

A

supplies the muscles on the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm

84
Q

median nerve

A

supplies mot of the muscles of the anterior forearm and some of the muscles of the hand

85
Q

ulnar nerve

A

supplies the anteromedial muscles of the forearm and most of the muscles of the hand

86
Q

lumbar plexus

A

minimal intermingling of fibers in the lumbar plexus;
passes obliquely outward, between the superficial and deep heads of the posts major muscle and anterior to the quadratus lumborum muscle;
supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, part of the lower limbs

87
Q

sacral plexus

A

situated largely anterior to sacrum;
supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs,
largest nerve in the body - sciatic nerve

88
Q

coccygeal plexus

A

roots of spinal nerves S1-S5 and coccygeal nerves;

small

89
Q

anococcygeal nerves

A

arise from coccygeal plexus;

supply a small area of skin in the coccygeal region

90
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve;
nerve supply overlaps somewhat;
knowing which spinal cord segments supply each dermatome makes it possible to locate damaged regions of the spinal cord;

91
Q

trigeminal nerve (V)

A

cranial nerve;

serves most of the skin of the face and scalp

92
Q

2 principle functions of the spinal cord in homeostasis

A

nerve impulse propagation;

integration of information

93
Q

white matter tracts

A

highways for nerve impulse propagation;
sensory inputs travel along tracts toward brain, motor output travel from brain along tracks to skeletal muscle and other effector tissues

94
Q

gray matter tracts

A

receives and integrate incoming and outgoing information;

95
Q

tract names

A

indicates position in the white matter and where it begins and ends

96
Q

anterior corticospinal tract

A

located in the anterior white column;
being in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord;
conveys nerve impulse from the brain toward the spinal cord;
motor (descending) tract

97
Q

cerebral cortex

A

superficial gray matter of the cerebrum of the brain

98
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

conveys nerve impulses for sensing pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling, deep pressure, and crude touch

99
Q

routes where nerve impulses from sensory receptors propagate up the spinal cord to the brain

A

spinothalamic tract and posterior column

100
Q

posterior column

A

convey nerve impulses for discriminative touch, light pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception;
two tracts: gracile fascicles and cuneate fasciculus

101
Q

motor output to skeletal muscle travels down the spinal cord in two ways

A

direct motor pathways;

indirect motor pathways

102
Q

direct motor pathways

A

include lateral coricospinal, anterior coricospinak and corticobulbar tract;
convey nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex;
destined to cause voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

103
Q

indirect motor pathways

A

include rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal tracts;
convey nerve impuluses from the brain stem to cause automatic movements;
help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli;
maintain skeletal muscle tone, sustain contraction of postural muscles, play a major role in equilibrium by regulating muscle tone in response to movements of the head.

104
Q

reflex

A

fast involuntary unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus;
some inborn - pulling hand away from hot surface b4 feeling it is hot;
types: spinal, cranial, somatic, autonomic (visceral);

105
Q

spinal reflex

A

integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter;

ex: patellar reflex (knee jerk)

106
Q

cranial reflex

A

integration occurs in the brain stem rather than the spinal cord;
ex: tracking movement of your eyes as you read

107
Q

somatic reflex

A

most aware;

involve contraction of skeletal muscles

108
Q

autonomic (visceral) reflex

A

are not consciously perceived;
involve response of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands;
controls body functions (heart rate, digestion, urination, defecation) through the autonomic nervous system through this reflex

109
Q

reflex arc (reflex circuit)

A

reflex produced by the pathway followed by nerve impulses;
includes 5 functional components: sensory receptor, sensory neurons, integrating center, motor neurons, effector;
damage or disease along reflex arc can cause a reflex to be damaged or abnormal

110
Q

sensory receptor

A

distant end of sensory neuron (dendrite);
associated sensory structure serves as a sensory receptor;
responds to specific stimuli by producing a graded potential called a generator/receptor potential

111
Q

sensory receptor - stimuli

A

change in internal or external environment

112
Q

sensory receptor - generator/receptor potential

A

if it reaches the threshold level of depolarization, it will trigger one or more nerve impulses in the sensory neurong

113
Q

sensory neuron

A

(not much to add)

114
Q

integrating center

A

single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron;

monosynaptic: one synapse in CNS;
polysynaptic: 1+ interneurons which may relay impulses to other interneurons as well as to motor neurons; involves more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse

115
Q

motor neurons

A

impulse triggered by integrating center:

propagate out of CNS along motor neuron

116
Q

effector

A

part of the body that response to motor never impulse (muscle or gland);
action is called a reflex;
if skeletal - somatic
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland - autonomic (visceral)

117
Q

stretch reflex

A

contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle;
occurs via a monosynaptic reflex arc;
elicited by tapping on tendons attached to muscles at the elbow, wrists, knee, and ankle joints (knee jerk - patellar reflex);
helps maintain posture;
ipsilateral

118
Q

muscle spindles

A

stretch reflex;

monitor changes in lengths of muscle

119
Q

ipsilateral reflex

A

monosynaptic;

sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side from which motor nerve impulses leave it

120
Q

muscle tone

A

small degree of contraction present while the muscle is at rest

121
Q

reciprocral innervation

A

components of a neural circuit simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist;
prevents conflict between opposing muscles and is vital in coordinating body movements;
stretch reflex

122
Q

tendon reflex

A

operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that tendon might be torn;
less sensitive than stretch reflex, can override the stretch reflex when tension is great (lifting a weight that’s too heavy);
ipsilateral

123
Q

tendon organ/golgi tendon

A

sensory receptor for the tendon reflex;
lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle;
detect and respond to changes in muscle tension that are caused by passive stretch or muscular contraction

124
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

excess tension causes relaxation of muscle;

tendon reflex protests the tendon and muscle from damage due to excessive tension

125
Q

flexor (withdrawal reflex)

A

polysynaptic;
ipsilateral;
stepping on a tack and pulling away (p 466)

126
Q

intersegmental reflex arc

A

nerve impulses from one sensory neuron ascend and descend in the spinal cord and activate interneurons in several segments of the spinal cord

127
Q

cross extensor reflex

A

help maintain your balance when body weight shifts to other foot in the case of flexor reflex

128
Q

contralateral reflex

A

sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side;
synchronizes the extension of the contralateral limb with the withdrawal (flexion) of the stimulated limb

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