Chapter 13 Spinal Stuff Flashcards by Angela Wang

3 Main Functions of NS

Sensory input:monitoring changes in and out of body
Integration:processing and interpretation of sensory input
Motor:cresting response by activating effector organs

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2 main cells in nervous tissue

Neurons (nerve cells)-excitable cells 
Supporting cells (neuroglia)(glial cells) surround and wrap around neurons

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Receptor

Stimulate sensory neuron to send electrical signal to spinal cord

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Motor neuron

Sends information to muscle or glad

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Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

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2 parts of PNS

Sensory and Motor

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Sensory PNS

Sends information TO CNS (Afferent)

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Motor division

Sends info AWAY from CNS (efferent)

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2 categories of Efferent Motor Division and their functions

Somatic Nervous System
-Sends info to skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System
-Sends info to visceral effectors (smooth, cardiac, glands)

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2 components of autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic-fight or flight

Parasympathetic-conserving energy

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Spinal Cord length

Medulla to first or second lumbar vertebrae (31 pairs of spinal nerves)

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Start and end:
Spinal Cord
Lumbar region

Brain to L1-L2

Ends between L5 and S1

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Cauda Equina

Lumbar and sacral spinal nerves exit cord and travel down vertebrae

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Cervical enlargement supplies nerves to:

Shoulder and upper limbs

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Lumbar Enlargements supplies nerves to

Lower limbs

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Spinal nerves numbered by

Where they exit

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Dermatome

Region of skin that is controlled by one pair of spinal nerves

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Myotome

Certain region of muscle that is controlled by one pair of nerves

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Dorsal root

Sensory info channel INTO and UP spinal cord

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Ventral root

Motor info channel OUT of spinal cord

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3 layers of spinal meninges

Pia mater (inner)
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Dura mater (tough outer)

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Epidural space

Space between dura mater and bone that has blood belles, aerials tissues, and adipose tissue

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Arachnoid mater 3 parts

Arachnoid trabeculae, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space

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Dura mater is made up of

Collagen

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Pia mater is made of

Elastic and collagen

Grey commissures

contain axons that cross from one side of cord to the other

Grey matter regions

Lateral Anterior Posterior

Lateral Horn contain cell bodies of

Autonomic motor neurons with axons that leave through ventral root

Anterior horn contains cell bodies of

Somatic motor neurons with axons that leave through ventral root to skeletal muscles

Posterior horn contains cell bodies of

Inter neurons that RECEIVE information from sensory neurons from DORSAL root

Dorsal root Ganglion contain

Cell bodies for incoming sensory neurons

White Matter 3 columns and their tract types

Posterior-ascending Anterior-both ascending and descending Lateral-both ascending and defending

Each white column are tracts that have axons of similar

Myelination, diameter, direction of info

Path of stimulus

``` Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Integration center Motor neuron Effector ```

3 layers of spinal connective tissues | How many pairs?

Epineurium-around entire nerve Perineurium-around each fascicle Endoneurium -around each axon

Nerves are composed of

Unmyelinated and myelinated axons

Each axon is wrapped by a

Endoneurium

Fascicles

Groups of axons wrapped in perinerium

Groups of fascicles are wrapped by

Epineurium

Nerves contain —-that supply axons

Blood vessels

Mixed nerves are

Where somatic afferent and efferent axons mingle

Ventral rami forms

4 extensively branched complexes called plexuses that converge to sort and supply an efferent region

4 plexuses types

Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral NONE FROM THORACIC

Plexuses definition

A complex network of spinal nerve branching and intertwining

Brachial plexuses innervate

Muscle and skin of upper limbs and pectoral girdle

Cervical plexuses innervate

Muscles of neck and diaphragm | Skin of neck neck and upper chest

Lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate

Skin and muscle of pelvic girdle and lower limbs

The —-form complex processed that interpet sensory info and make decisions to control motor neurons

Interneurons

We have——sensory neurons,——motor neurons, —-interneurons

10 million, 1/2 million, we billion

5 Types of Neural Circuits

Divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation

Divergence neural circuit definition and example

One neurons spread to multiple neurons | Ex.visual info sent to many areas of brain to interpret

Convergence neuron circuit

Multiple neurons send info to one neuron | Ex.breath control under conscious and subconscious control

Serial processing

Neurons work in a sequence like a straight path

Parallel processing

Neurons processing information simultaneously | Ex. 0-8! I’m foot creates many results (yelling, shift weight, moving)

Reverberation

Positive feedback mechanism until synaptic fatigue or inhibitory stimuli Ex. Consciousness and normal breathing

Innate Reflexes

Genetically or developmentally determined (suckling)

Acquired Reflexes

Learned

Somatic Reflexes

Control skeletal muscle contraction | Superficial and stretch reflex

Visceral (autonomic)

Smooth and cardiac muscles, glands control

Monosynaptic

1 synapse

Polysynaptic

More than one synapse

Spinal reflex

Processing in spinal cord

Cranial reflex

Processing in brain

Classification of reflex

Development, response, circuit complexity, processing site

Facilitation

Descending axons from brain interact with interneurons in spinal cord and enhance a reflex using Jendrassik maneuver or inhibit reflex

Stretch reflex

Monosynpatic (patellar reflex)

Stretch reflex with reciprocals innervation

Myotatic reflex to kick forward

Golgi tendon reflex with reciprocal innervation

Causes muscle to relax when muscle tension is too great to prevent damage

Withdraw reflex with reciprocal inhibition

Causes removal of hand from painful stimulus

Withdrawal reflex with crossed extension and reciprocal inhibition

Used for automatic actions like walking and hitting a nail