Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUTR 121 > Chapter 13 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Study Guide Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

define erythrocyte

A

a mature red blood cell with no nucleus; they contain hemoglobin. they last 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

formation of hemoglobin requires what?

A

copper, vitamin c, vitamin b-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do we call white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

platelets (thrombocytes) are defined as what?

A

cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what percentage does plasma account for blood?

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the formation of blood cells called?

A

erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the primary function of blood?

A

carry oxygen from your lungs to body’s tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the secondary function of blood?

A

carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is lost in the red blood cell to make room for hemoglobin

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define anemia

A

condition caused by inadequate number of healthy red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a deficiency of vitamin k can result in _______

A

hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a deficiency of vitamin E can result in what?

A

leaving red blood cells susceptible to oxidative damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

anemia is typically detected by symptoms resulting from a reduction in the ___________ of healthy red blood cells

A

number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examining the ______ and ______ of red blood cells can help doctors determine the specific cause of anemia

A

size, color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

healthy red blood cells with a normal size are called ______

A

normocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

healthy red blood cells with a normal color are called

A

normochromic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

large red blood cells are called _________ or megaloblastic

A

macrocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what could cause red blood cells to be macrocytic or megaloblastic

A

folate or vitamin b-12 deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

small red blood cells are called

A

microcytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pale red blood cells are _______

A

hypochromic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what could cause red blood cells to be small and pale in color

A

iron or vitamin b-6 deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define hemostasis

A

process of stopping blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hemorrhage could result from insufficient vitamin _
K
26
excessive vitamin _ could lead to hemorrhage
E
27
excessive intakes of what could cause hemorrhage?
omega-3 fatty acids
28
is vitamin K synthesized in the body? if so, what percentage fulfills human requirements?
yes, 10%
29
vitamin ___ serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that add _____ _______ molecules to various proteins, thus enabling these proteins to bind to ________
K, carbon dioxide, calcium
30
why are newborns at highest risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding
they are born with low stores of vitamin K
31
what is phylloquinone?
the most abundant form of Vitamin K, synthesized by green plants
32
what is menaquinone?
vitamin K synthesized by gut bacteria
33
what is menadione?
synthetic form of vitamin K found in supplements
34
which form of vitamin K is twice as biologically available as the other two?
menadione
35
what are major sources of phylloquinone?
green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, peas
36
what food sources can menaquinone be found?
meats, eggs, dairy products
37
compared to _______ sources, the nutrient density of vitamin K in _______ sources is rather low
plant, animal
38
vitamin K is ________ to cooking losses
resistant
39
what makes vitamin k different from other fat-soluble vitamins?
it is not easily stored and excesses can be excreted
40
what is the synthetic form of folate?
folic acid
41
is synthetic folic acid more bioavailable than natural folate in food?
yes
42
list functions of folate
supply or accept single carbon compounds, aid in the synthesis of DNA and metabolism of amino acids, formation of neurotransmitters, prevent cancer
43
what happens to red blood cells in people who are folate deficient?
the red blood cells become large and have a nucleus
44
list symptoms of folate deficiency
elevated homocysteine levels, tongue inflammation, diarrhea, poor growth, mental confusion, depression, nerve function problems
45
maternal folate deficiency results in what?
neural tube defects
46
list richest sources of folate
green leafy vegetables, orange juice, dried beans, organ meats, cereals, bread, milk
47
folate is susceptible to destruction by _____ and _____
heat, oxygen
48
vitamin b-12 is the only vitamin that contains a _______ as part of its structure
mineral
49
why is vitamin b-12 different from the other water soluble vitamins
it can be stored in the liver
50
vitamin b-12 is only found in _____ products
animal
51
list functions of vitamin b-12
folate metabolism, convert folate coenzymes into active forms folate, maintaining myelin sheath
52
a deficiency of b-12 can result in symptoms of a _______ deficiency, including elevated _____ levels and macrocytic anemia
folate, homocysteine
53
what is pernicious anemia?
disease from vitamin b-12 deficiency
54
what does pernicious mean in pernicious anemia
nerve degeneration that results in paralysis and death
55
people with pernicious anemia usually do not lack what vitamin in their dietary pattern?
vitamin b-12
56
pernicious anemia is usually characterized by _________ anemia
macrocytic
57
vitamin b-12 supplements are essentially _______-toxic
non
58
b-12 is found in which section of MyPlate
protein
59
iron is part of the _______ in red blood cells and _______ in muscle cells
hemoglobin, myoglobin
60
define hematocrit
percentage of blood that is red blood cells
61
how is iron measured
measuring hematocrit, serum iron, or ferritin
62
what is stage 1 iron deficiency
iron stores depleted
63
what is stage 2 iron deficiency
iron in transferrin is depleted, physiological impairment continues
64
what is stage 2 iron deficiency?
iron in transferrin is depleted, physiological impairment continues
65
what is stage 3 iron deficiency
iron-deficiency anemia
66
what is ferritin
protein that stores iron and releases it in controlled manner
67
what is ferritin
protein that stores iron and releases it in controlled manner
68
what is transferrin
iron-binding protein, controls level of free iron in blood
69
how is iron-deficiency anemia cured?
iron supplements
70
it takes longer than _ month(s) to become anemic, so it will take more than _ month(s) to cure it
1, 1
71
vitamin _ enhances iron absorption
C
72
vitamin _ enhances iron absorption
C
73
large doses of _____ or __________ can compete with iron for absorption
zinc, calcium
74
animal sources contain 40% ______ iron
heme
75
iron is found in which groups of MyPlate
protein, grains
76
hemochromatosis
substantial increase in iron absorption from any source
77
nonheme iron is less absorbable than _____ iron
heme
78
what is the name of the protein that carries most of the body's copper in the blood
ceruloplasmin
79
copper is important for blood health because
it makes iron available for the formation of red blood cells
80
copper is important for blood health because
it makes iron available for the formation of red blood cells
81
list the two groups most likely to get copper deficiency
infants born preterm and people recovering from intestinal surgery
82
copper and ______ compete with each other for absorption
zinc
83
copper is best relied upon by consuming what form ?
food
84
copper is best relied upon by consuming what form ?
food
85
which food sources are poor for finding copper
milk, fruits, vegetables
86
which food sources are poor for finding copper
milk, fruits, vegetables
87
copper converts energy in carbs, fats, and proteins into ______
atp
88
copper serves as a cofactor for superoxide __________
dismutase
89
can copper deficiency occur with food
no
90
what is wilson's disease
liver cannot make ceruloplasmin
91
which fatty acids are essential for formation of healthy cell membranes in the brain?
omega-3, omega-6, linoleic, alpha-linolenic
92
iodine and ______ are vital during brain formation
iron
93
what are the building blocks of neurotransmitters
amino acids
94
the presence of _______-chain ______unsaturated fatty acids in human milk promotes cognitive development
long, poly
95
which b vitamin is important for synthesis of neurotransmitters
b-6

NUTR 121 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions