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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, And Spinal Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, And Spinal Reflexes Flashcards

(71 cards)

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0
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves

A

T1-T12

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1
Q

Cervical spinal nerves

A

C1-C8

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2
Q

Lumbar spinal nerves

A

L1-L5

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3
Q

Sacral spinal nerves

A

S1-S5

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4
Q

The spinal cord ends between

A

L1 and L2

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5
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Supplies nerves to the SHOULDERS and UPPER LIMBS

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6
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

Supplies nerves to the PELVIS and LOWER LIMBS

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7
Q

Dura mater

A

Superficial meningeal layer

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8
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle meningeal layer

•subarachnoid space: CSF flows here

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9
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost meningeal layer

*extremely delicate

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10
Q

Gray matter

Soma, dendrites, neuroglia

A
  • Posterior gray horns (somatic/visceral)
  • Lateral gray horns (visceral, located only in thoracic and lumbar segments)
  • Anterior gray horns (somatic)
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11
Q

White matter

Myelin

A

White matter on each side of the spinal cord are divided into 3 regions called columns:
•anterior white column
•lateral white column
•posterior white column

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12
Q

White matter columns

A
  • anterior white column
  • lateral white column
  • posterior white column
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13
Q

Ascending tracts carry _______ info _______ the brain

A

Sensory; toward

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14
Q

Descending tracts convey _________ commands to the __________

A

Motor; spinal cord

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15
Q

Dorsal Ramus carries __________ info from the back

A

Sensory (T1-T12)

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16
Q

Ventral ramus carries _________ info ventrolateral and limbs

A

Sensory

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17
Q

Rami communicantes carries _________ info from __________

A

Sensory; internal organs (aka stomach ache)

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18
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Complex interwoven network of nerves

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19
Q

Cervical plexus (origin)

A

Spinal nerves C1-C5

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20
Q

Cervical plexus (innervates;nerve)

A

Muscles of the neck into thoracic cavity

Phrenic nerve

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21
Q

Brachial plexus (innervates;nerve)

A

Pectoral girdle and upper limb

Trunk and cord

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22
Q

Lumbar plexus (origin)

A

Spinal cord

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23
Q

Lumbar plexus (innervates;nerve)

A

Pelvic girdle

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24
Dorsal root brings ________?
Sensory information INTO the spinal cord
25
The sympathetic nerve carries _________?
Sensory information from the visceral organs
26
The dorsal ramus carries _________? (Sensory info)
Sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles of the back (T1-T12)
27
Epineurium- _________ nerve; ________ layer
Peripheral; outermost
28
Perineurium- ________nerve; _______ layer
Peripheral; middle
29
Endoneurium- ________nerve; _______ layer
Peripheral; innermost
30
Sectional anatomy of the Spinal Cord
* Gray matter | * White matter
31
Gray matter
* Surrounds the narrow central canal | * Dominated by cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons
32
white matter
Superficial | Contains larges numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
33
Neuroglia (definition)
Cells of the CNS and PNS that protect and support neurons
34
Development reflexes- Innate and Acquired reflexes
* Innate: connections that form between neurons during development EX: hand on hotpot * Acquired: learned motor pattern EX: hitting car brakes when danger is ahead
35
Somatic reflexes
Provide mechanism for the involuntary control of the muscular system EX: knee jerk reflex during physical
36
Visceral reflex (__________ reflexes)
* aka Autonomic | * controls the activities of other systems EX: dilating of pupils
37
Monosynaptic reflex
•the stretch •simplest reflex, one synapse •sensory neuron synapses in motor neuron EX: knee jerk reaction, patellar reflex
38
Polysynaptic reflex
* a number of synapses involved | * length of delay is proportional to amount of synapses
39
Tendon reflex
•monitors external tension produced during muscular contraction; prevents tearing/breaking down of tendons
40
Withdrawal reflex
* moves affected body part away from stimulus | * exhibit reciprocal inhibition
41
Cross extensor reflex
* involves ipsilateral (same side) reflex arc, motor response occurs on same side of stimulus * occurs with flexor reflex
42
Brachial plexus (origin)
Lower 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8)
43
Conus medullaris
Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement
44
2 branches of spinal nerves
Dorsal root | Ventral root
45
Dorsal root
Sensory neurons
46
Ventral root
Motor neurons
47
Dorsal root ganglia
Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
48
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
Carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes
49
CSF location
Subarachnoid space
50
How to remove CSF
Lumbar puncture or spinal tap
51
Connective tissue layers of spinal nerves (3)
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
52
Epineurium
Outer layer | Dense network of collagen fibers
53
Perineurium
Middle layer | Divides nerves into fasicles
54
Endoneurium
Innermost layer | Surrounds individual axons
55
Neuronal pools
Functional groups of interneurons | May stimulate or depress parts of brain or spinal cord
56
Neural circuits in neuronal pools
``` Divergence Convergence Serial processing Parallel processing Reverberation ```
57
Divergence
Spreads stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS
58
Convergence
Brings input from many sources to single neuron
59
Serial processing
Moves information in single line
60
Parallel processing
Moves same infor along several paths simultaneously
61
Reverberation
Positive feedback mechanism | Functions until inhibited
62
Posterior gray horns contain
Somatic and visceral nuclei
63
Lateral gray horns contain
Visceral motor nuclei
64
Anterior gray horns contain
Somatic motor nuclei
65
Later gray horns location
Thoracic and lumbar segments
66
White matter ascending tracts
Carry sensory info TOWARD brain
67
White matter descending tracts
Convey motor commands TO spinal cord
68
Each spinal nerve is surrounded by _________ layers
3 connective tissue
69
Three Connective Tissue Layers of Spinal Nerves
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
70
Peripheral neuropathy
* Regional loss of sensory or motor function | * Due to trauma or compression

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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