Chapter 14

Question 1

5 levels of measurement

Answer 1

Nominol, ordinol, interval, Ratio, Continous varaible

Question 2

Nominol measure

Answer 2

lowest level that involves number to desginate attributes

- numeric value is not mathmatic

Question 3

Ordinal

Answer 3

Rank people based on ADLs

1- dependent 4 independent

Question 4

interval

Answer 4

Rank people on attributes
- with a number that clearly specifies a distance btwn the 2
IQ is an example

Question 5

Ratio

Answer 5

• are the highest level
• numbers can hava meaningful zero
  ex: weight

Question 6

Continuous variable

Answer 6

• have both internal and ratio measurements

Question 7

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 7

• used to synthesize data

Question 8

Parameter

Answer 8

calculated values averages and percentages

Question 9

Statistic

Answer 9

descriptive index from sample

Question 10

Freq distributon

Answer 10

• set of values form lowest and highest includes a count

Question 11

Symmetric Distribution

Answer 11

• if a grpah is folded in hald it would superimposed

Question 12

Skewed Distribution

Answer 12

• Majority of data peaks to one side

Question 13

Normal

Answer 13

bell shaped curve lower peak

Question 14

Central tendency

Answer 14

• include methods to determine a central value

Mode- most frequent
MEdian - divides score in half
MEan - the average

Question 15

Varaibilty

Answer 15

Central tendecy is the same for two different sets of distributions

Question 16

RAnge

Answer 16

High subtract from low

Question 17

Standard devaition

Answer 17

variability index calculated by every value in a distribution
-Averag amount

Question 18

In a normal bell shaped curve

Answer 18

1 SD= 68%
2 SD = 95%
3 SD = 99.7 %

Question 19

Bivariate descriptive statistics

Answer 19

if frequency dsitribution is based on 2 variables

Question 20

Correlation

Answer 20

RElationship betwn 2 variables
- coefficient is intenist and direction (-1 and +1)
+ is positive
- pearosn’s r, spearman row, correlation matrix

Question 21

Absoluete risk

Answer 21

measures the undsirable outcome

Question 22

Absolute risk reduciton

Answer 22

consider differences between 2 groups

Question 23

Odds ratio

Answer 23

results of undesirable effect between 2 groups

Question 24

Number needed to treat

Answer 24

estimates how many people need to be treated fro one desirable outcome
1 / absolute reduction

Question 25

Inferential Statistics

Answer 25

uses law of probability to test research hypotheses - Larger sample size helps reduce chance of outlying data - SEM: standard deviation of mean of smapel higher the number more error -

Question 26

Parameter estimation

Answer 26

used to estimate a pop parameter such as mean | - Confidence interval: relates to probability of being right 95% or higher indicates corectness

Question 27

Hypothesis tetsing

Answer 27

- uses objective criteria to see if hypothesis is supported

Question 28

TYPE 1 error

Answer 28

reject null hypothesis that is true

Question 29

Type 2 error

Answer 29

when null hypothesis is rejected but the independent varaible had an outcome on the dependent variable

Question 30

Level of Signficance

Answer 30

-indicated by alpha - is confidence interval subtracted by 1 - 1- .95 =0.05 Power analysis: calculated to determin chancee of type 2 error power of at least .80 Stattistical signficane: results are not due to chance fall within 2 deviations of mean Nonsignifacant: results could be due to chance

Question 31

Specific Statistical Test T-test

Answer 31

T-test: Parametric test for testing differeces in 2 groups individual value is not importatn P-Value: Determines if results are significant P-value of less than 0.05 indicates statistical significance Independent T test: appropriate fro 2 groups PAired: one group is tested at 2 different times

Question 32

ANOVA

Answer 32

calculates an F-value - varies for each study - show that interventions are effective for a p-value less than 0.05

Question 33

Chi- Square test

Answer 33

focuses on different in proportion | -gives a p-value

Question 34

Multiple REgression

Answer 34

meaures several independent variables -Predictors - R (0-1), higher R square value more likly predictor accounted fro variation higher R squared

Question 35

ANCOVA

Answer 35

Effective when control is not acheived through randomization - Combo of ANOVA with multiple regression - control covariance of cofounding variables

Question 36

Logistice Regression

Answer 36

Analyzes relationship between multiple independent vraiblaes - yeild Odds ratio and confidence interval

Question 37

intraclass correlation coefficient

Answer 37

- used for test- retest reliability | - score closer to 1 means stronger reliability

Question 38

Cohen's kappa

Answer 38

interrater reliability | - determines if two individuals will write something similariy

Question 39

Coefficient alpha or Chronbach's alpha

Answer 39

is used to measure how often components of a multicompnent tool meaure the same attribute

Question 40

Conetn validity

Answer 40

determines if content relates to construct of interest | 0.9 or higher is good

Question 41

Criterion validity

Answer 41

- concerns extent to which scores on a measure are consistent with gold standard - sensitivity is ability to diagnose a condition - specificity measure ability to screen out those with a condition

Question 42

Construct validity

Answer 42

concerns extent to which a measure was truly measured in trage tconstruct - pearsons r value or independt t -test