Chapter 14

Question 1

What is a true sucker called? Especially in flukes and leeches; the socket in the hip bone that receives the thigh bone.

Answer 1

acetabulum

Question 2

What body plan is without a coelom, as in flatworms and proboscis worms?

Answer 2

acoelomate

Question 3

Evolutionary diversification that produces numerous ecologically disparate lineages from a single ancestral one, especially when this diversification occurs within a short interval of geological time.

Answer 3

adaptive radiation

Question 4

Having to do with nutrition or nourishment.

Answer 4

alimentary

Question 5

The head end of an organism, or (as an adjective) toward that end.

Answer 5

anterior

Question 6

One of the less muscular chambers of the heart; atrium; the external ear, or pinna; any earlike lobe or process

Answer 6

auricle

Question 7

A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine; any similar pouch

Answer 7

cecum

Question 8

the process by which specialization, particularly of the sensory organs and appendages, become localized in the head end of animals.

Answer 8

cephalization

Question 9

tadpolelike larva of trematodes (flukes)

Answer 9

cercaria

Question 10

a hairlike, vabratile organelle process found on many animal cells. cilia may be used moving particles along the cell surface or, in ciliate protozoans, for locomotion

Answer 10

cilium

Question 11

a hairlike tuft on an insect appendage; locomortor organelle of fused cilia; male copulatory organ of some invertebrates

Answer 11

cirrus

Question 12

internal cavity of a cnidarian; gastrovascular cavity; archenteron

Answer 12

coeloenteron

Question 13

a protonephridial cell with a single flagellum enclosed in a cylinder of cytoplasmic rods

Answer 13

cyrtocyte

Question 14

a type of juvenile tapeworm composed of a solid-bodied cyst containing a invaginated scolex; contrast with cysticercus

Answer 14

cysticercoid

Question 15

a type of juvenile tapeworm in which an invaginated and introverted scolex is contain in a fluid-filled bladder; constrast with cysticercoid

Answer 15

cysticercus

Question 16

the host in which sexual reproduction of symbiont takes place; if no sexual reproducation, then the host in which the symbiont becomes mature and reproduces; contrast intermediate host

Answer 16

definitive host

Question 17

a type of cleavage, usually spiral, in which the fate of the blastomeres is determined very early in development; mosaic cleavage

Answer 17

determinate cleavage

Question 18

toward the back, or upper surface, of an animal

Answer 18

dorsal

Question 19

organs in the epidermid of most turbellarians, with three cell types; viscid and releasing gland cells and anchor cells.

Answer 19

dual-gland adhesive organ

Question 20

yolk for nutrition of the embryo contributed by cells that are separate from the egg cell and are combined with the zygote by envelopment within the eggshell

Answer 20

ectolecithal

Question 21

the outer, nonvascular layer of skin of ectodermal origin; in invertebrates, a single layer of ectodermal epithelium

Answer 21

epidermis

Question 22

a fiberlike cell or strand of protoplasmic material produced or secreted by a cell and lying outside the cell

Answer 22

fiber

Question 23

specialized hollow excretory or osmoregulatory structure of one or several small cells containing a tuft of flagella and situated at the end of a minute tubule; connected tubules ultimately open to the outside. see solenocyte, protonephridium

Answer 23

flame cell

Question 24

A member of class Trematoda or class Monogenea. Also certain of the flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes)

Answer 24

fluke

Question 25

an aggregation of nerve tissue containing nerve cells

Answer 25

ganglion

Question 26

body cavity in certain lower invertebrates that functions in both digestion and circulation and has a single opening serving as both mouth and anus.

Answer 26

gastrovascular cavity

Question 27

groove in malre schistosomes (certain trematodes) that carries the female

Answer 27

gynocophoric canal

Question 28

a type of cyst formed by juveniles of certain tapeworms (Echinococcus) in their vertebrate hosts

Answer 28

hydatid cyst

Question 29

a host in which some development of symbiont occurs, but in which maturation and sexual reproducation do not take place

Answer 29

intermediate host

Question 30

occurring within a body cell or withing body cells

Answer 30

intracellular

Question 31

the anterior narrow portion that can be withdrawn into the trunk of a sipunculid worm.

Answer 31

introvert

Question 32

an immature stage that is quite different from the adult

Answer 32

larva

Question 33

of or pertaining to the side of an animal; a bilateral animal has two sides

Answer 33

lateral

Question 34

glands of uncertain function surrounding the ootype of trematodes and cestodes

Answer 34

Mehlis' gland

Question 35

embryonic connective tissue; irregular or amebocytic cells often embedded in gelatinous matrix

Answer 35

mesenchyme

Question 36

the third germ layer, formed in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm; gives rise to connective tissues, muscle, urogenital and vascular systems, and the peritoneum

Answer 36

mesoderm

Question 37

fluke juvenile (cercaria) that has lost its tail and has become encysted

Answer 37

metacercaria

Question 38

a minute ciliated larval stage in the life of flukes

Answer 38

miracidium

Question 39

tapeworms with a single proglottid, do not undergo strobilation to from chaing of proglottids

Answer 39

monozoic

Question 40

a simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates

Answer 40

ocellus

Question 41

a ciliated larva of a monogentic trematode

Answer 41

oncomiracidium

Question 42

rounded larva common to all cestodes, bears hooks

Answer 42

oncosphere

Question 43

part of oviduct in flatworms the receives ducts from vitelline glands and Mehlis' gland

Answer 43

ootype

Question 44

posterior attachment organ of monogenetic trematode

Answer 44

opisthaptor

Question 45

a small nipplelike projection. a vascular process that nourishes the root of a hair, feather, or developing tooth

Answer 45

papilla

Question 46

in lower animals, a spongy mass of vacuolated mesenchyme cells filling spaces between viscera, muscles, or epithelia; in some, cell bodies of muscle cells. Also, the specialized tissue of an organ is distinguished from the supporting connective tissue

Answer 46

parenchyma

Question 47

the part of the digestive tract between the mouth cavity and the esophagus that, in vertebrates, is common to both digestive and respiratory tracts. In cephalochordates the gill slits open from it.

Answer 47

pharynx

Question 48

the origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification, usually presented in the form of a dendrogram

Answer 48

phylogeny

Question 49

free-swimming, hat-shaped larva of nemertine worms

Answer 49

pilidium

Question 50

hypothetical form representing ancestor of Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes.

Answer 50

planuloid ancestor

Question 51

a network, especially of nerves or blood vessels

Answer 51

plexus

Question 52

in systematics, the ordering of alternative states of a taxonomic character from evolutionarily ancestral to derived conditions. In developmental biology, the tendency for the axis of an ovum to orient corresponding to the axis of the mother. Also, condition of having opposite poles; differential distribution of dradation along an axis

Answer 52

polarity

Question 53

a tapeworm forming a strobila of several to many proglottids; also, a colony of many zooids

Answer 53

polyzoic

Question 54

usually applied to a radially smmetrical organism descended from a bilateral ancestor and developing from a bilaterally symmetrical larva

Answer 54

primary bilateral symmetry

Question 55

a snout or trunk. also tubular sucking or feeding organ with the mouth at the end as in planarians, leeches, and insects. also, the sensory and defensive organ at the anterior end of cetrain invertebrates

Answer 55

proboscis

Question 56

portion of a tapeworm contain a set of reproductive organs; usually correstponds to a segment

Answer 56

proglottid

Question 57

primitive osmoregulatory or excretory organ consisting of a tubule terminating internally with flame bulb or solenocyte; the unit of a flame bulb system

Answer 57

protonphridium

Question 58

a larval stage in the life cycle of flukes; it is produced by a sporocyst larva, and in turn gives rise to many cercariae

Answer 58

redia

Question 59

rodlike structures in the cells of the epidermis or underlying parenchyma in certain turbellarians. they are discharged in mucous secretions

Answer 59

rhabdite

Question 60

a sensory organ of aquatic animals that responds to water current

Answer 60

rheoreceptor

Question 61

in nemerteans, the dorsal tubular cavity that contains the inverted proboscis. it has no opening to the outside

Answer 61

rhynchocoel

Question 62

projecting structure on scolex of tapeworm, often with hooks

Answer 62

rostellum

Question 63

the holdfast, or so-called head, of a tapeworm; bears suckers and, in some, hooks, and posterior to it new proglottids are differentiated

Answer 63

scolex

Question 64

special type of flame bulb in which the bulb bears a flagellum instead of a tuft of flagella. See flame cell. protonephridium

Answer 64

solenocyte

Question 65

a larval stage in the life cycle of flukes; it originates from a miracidium

Answer 65

sporocyst

Question 66

a stage in the development of the scyphozoan jellyfish. Also the chain of proglottids of a tapeworm

Answer 66

strobila

Question 67

a mulitnucleated cell

Answer 67

sysyncytium

Question 68

a group of symptoms characteristic of a particular disease or abnormality

Answer 68

syndrome

Question 69

an integument: specifically external covering in cestodes and trematodes, formerly believed to be a cuticle

Answer 69

tegument

Question 70

pertaining to metazoa in which the embryo has three primary germ layers- ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Answer 70

triploblastic

Question 71

situated on the lower or abdominal surface

Answer 71

ventral

Question 72

structures in many flatworms that produce vitelline cells, that is, cells that provide eggshell material and nutrient for the embryo

Answer 72

vitellaria

Question 73

structures in many flatworms that produce vitelline cells, that is, cells that provide eggshell material and nutrient for the embryo

Answer 73

vitelline gland

Question 74

interlocking extensions of a flame cell and a collecting tubule cell in some protonephridia

Answer 74

weir

Question 75

True or False The Phyla Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Mesozoa, and Nemertea are not much more complex in organization than radiates except in their bilateral symmetry.

Answer 75

True

Question 76

True or False: Turbellarians such as "planaria" are exclusively marine.

Answer 76

False

Question 77

True or False: Free-living turbellarians are never parastic.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

The intestines of turbellarians can be? A) Branched B) Simple C) Absent D) A, B and C above E) None of the above is correct

Answer 78

A) Branched

Question 79

The Platyhelminthes have ____________ that aid in osmoregulation and the excretion of nitrogenous wastes. A) Malpighian tubules B) Kidneys C) Flame cells D) Bladders E) Ommatidia

Answer 79

C) Flame cells

Question 80

True or False: The human liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, infects humans who swim or bathe in contaminated water.

Answer 80

False

Question 81

One of the intermediate hosts of the liver fluke (the host that is identified by the sporocyst and redia life stages) is a ? A) Flatworm B) Roundworm C) Snail D) Sponge E) None of the above is correct

Answer 81

C) Snail

Question 82

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Taeniar saginatus–beef tapeworm B) Taenia solium–pork tapeworm C) Scolex–attachment or holdfast organ D) Class Cestoda–roundworms E) Proglottid–linear series of sets of reproductive organs

Answer 82

D) Class Cestoda–roundworms

Question 83

True or False: The Platyhelminthes are acoelomates with diploblastic tissues and bilateral symmetry.

Answer 83

False: The Platyhelminthes are acoelomates with triploblastic tissues and bilateral symmetry.

Question 84

True or False: Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Mesozoa and Nemertea are the simplest animals that have primary bilateral symmetry.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Platyhelminthes? A) Protonephridia (flame bulbs) B) Dorsoventrally flattened body C) Bilateral symmetry D) Lack of sense organs E) Circular and longitudinal muscles

Answer 85

D) Lack of sense organs

Question 86

True or False: Most turbellarians have a cellular, ciliated epidermis.

Answer 86

False

Question 87

True or False: A meshwork of parenchyma cells, developed from the mesoderm, fills the spaces between muscles and the visceral organs.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Protonephridia–flame bulbs B) Ocelli–light–sensitive eyespot C) Trematodes–undergo sexual reproduction in their intermediate hosts D) Turbellarians–are capable of regeneration E) Trematodes–all parasitic flukes

Answer 88

C) Trematodes–undergo sexual reproduction in their intermediate hosts

Question 89

True or False: The means of infection of the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is via metacercariae ingested by eating raw fish.

Answer 89

True

Question 90

True or False: The main ill effects of schistosomiasis result from the larval forms. The larvae of one species, S. haemotobium causes ulceration of the bladder wall with bloody urine and pain on urination.

Answer 90

False

Question 91

True or False: Eating raw snails causes Swimmer's Itch.

Answer 91

False

Question 92

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement? A) Lung flukes may cause chronic respiratory symptoms with breathing difficulties and a cough. B) Life cycles of monogenetic flukes are direct, with a single host. C) Cestodes, or tapeworms, have distinct proglottids which are reproductive units. D) The scolex is a harpoon-like structure that is used to spear prey. E) Proglottid formation of Cestodes may represent a true segmentation according to some experts

Answer 92

D) The scolex is a harpoon-like structure that is used to spear prey.

Question 93

Which of the following is incorrect? A) Beef tapeworm–Taenia saginata B) Dog tapeworm–Dipylidium caninum C) Oncospheres–larvae that burrow through the intestinal wall D) Taenia saginata–much more dangerous than Taenia solium E) Nemertea–eversible proboscis

Answer 93

E) Nemertea–eversible proboscis

Question 94

True or False: Nemerteans show some derived features absent from flatworms. One of these is the eversible proboscis and its sheath, for which there are no counterparts among any other phylum.

Answer 94

True

Question 95

The nemerteans have a complete digestive tract, unlike the Platyhelminthes, which means that they have a(n)? A) Rhynchocoel B) Anus C) Proboscis D) Branched digestive tract E) None of the above is correct

Answer 95

B) Anus

Question 96

True or False: Current molecular evidence supports a phylogenetic relationship of mesozoans and flatworms and the inclusion of Mesozoa in the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.

Answer 96

True

Question 97

Rhombozoans live in the kidneys of benthic cephalopods such as octopuses, cuttlefishes, and squids. Their adults are called: A) Squamiforms B) Vermiforms C) Zygogens D) Amphiblastula E) None of the above is correct

Answer 97

B) Vermiforms

Question 98

True or False: Some investigators believe that a planuloid ancestor may have given rise to one branch of sessile organisms and one bilaterally symmetrical branch.

Answer 98

True

Question 99

Direct developing parasitic worms that possess an opisthaptor are in the class A) Cestoda B) Cubozoa C) Turbellaria D) Monogenea E) Schyphozoa

Answer 99

D) Monogenea

Question 100

Metacercariae are present in which class A) Cestoda B) Cubozoa C) Turbellaria D) Monogenea E) Trematoda

Answer 100

E) Trematoda

Question 101

True or False: Protonephridia are structures in a flatworm endocrine system

Answer 101

False