Chapter 14 Flashcards
personality
distinctive and generally consistent ways of thinking. feeling, and acting that characterize a person and their response to situations
3 components of personality
identity-you are like no one else
internal causes-it is within you, not the environment
organized-the patterns fit together and have meaning
the psychodynamic perspective (PDP) believes that the causes of behavior are:
a dynamic interplay of inner forces that are often at conflict
freud’s psychoanalytic theory:
emphasis on the unconscious mind, it has a powerful influence on behavior and physical symptoms
PDP psychic energy
generated by instinctual drives. discharged directly or indirectly
PDP mental events
conscious-aware of, current/present situation
preconscious-unaware but can be recalled, names of friends
unconscious-wishes/impulses we are unaware of or repressed
the id
exists within the unconscious, innermost core of personality, present at birth, the source of all psychic energy, no direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner
wants immediate gratification/release, regardless or other considerations
want… take!!
the ego
primarily functions at the conscious level, keeps the impulses of the id in control, delays gratification, self control, operates under the reality principle-dictates what impulses the id can indulge depending on the conditions
cannot always control the id
the superego
last part of personality to develop, moral arm of the personality, controls the impulses of the id with external control, develops around 4-5, was the repository for ideals and values
conflict, anxiety, defense
the ego cannot always control the id->conflict
when the impulses if the id get out of control, that causes anxiety, often in survival states
that then causes defense mechanisms
Defense mechanisms
weapon of the ego that distort reality and operate unconsciously, they are the causes of maladaptive behavior
examples-projecting, intellectualization, rationalization, sublimation
maladaptive behavior
behavior that prevents you from making adjustments that are in your own best interest, instead of solving the cause of anxiety, we deal with it in other ways
PDP psychosexual development
a series of stages that focus on the development of pleasure sensitive areas of the body
a fixation occurs when instincts are focused on one area
stages of psychosexual development
oral 0-2, mouth, weening
anal 2-3, anus, toilet training
phallic 4-6, genitals, resolving oedipus complex
latency 7-puberty, none, developing social relationships
puberty-onwards, genitals, developing mature social and sexual relationships
flaws of PDP/psychoanalytic theory
difficult to test-unfalsifiable
unconscious processes-how tf do you demonstrate that
psychosexual stages-concept of childhood sexuality rejected and ignores the impact that early experiences have on emotional development
Freud failed to recognize social and cultural factors and over emphasized infantile sexuality, childhood experiences are important but not the sole contributor to personality
extension to PDP, neoanalytic
alder, humanist, people are motivated by social interest, and place social welfare above personal welfare, people will compensate for their own deficits by becoming more competent
extension to PDP, object relation approaches
focuses on peoples mental representations of themselves, internalize models to interpret social behaviors (why someone may have bumped into you), can generate self fulfilling prophecies(if you think someone is mean you may treat them worse, causing them to treat you worse), affects attachment styles in adult relationships.
humanistic approach
reaction to freud who only emphasized the bad, focus on self actualization, the realization of one’s potential
maslow, kelly, and rogers
abraham maslow
considered self actualization to be the ultimate human need and highest expression of human nature, his hierarchy of needs, yeah
carl rogers
2 best days in life, the day you are born and the day you find out why
central concept is your self concept, an organized set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself, once it is established there is a tendency to maintain it.
self consistency-consistency among one’s self perceptions, can’t be catholic and atheist at the same time
congruence-consistency between self perceptions and experience, imagine the 2 as separate circles that can overlap (level of adjustment), the more they overlap the better bc that means your self image/what you want it to be matches reality . threat arises when they 2 do not match up so people will either modify their self concept (healthy adjustment) or distort reality (maladjustment)
george kelly’s personal construct theory
his primary interest was how people constructed reality
personal constructs-cognitive categories which sort people and events in their lives, these are the primary basis for individual differences in personality
self-esteem
how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves, can be fostered by self love and standards to hold oneself at morally
high-fewer interpersonal problems, more capable of forming loving relationships, achieve at a higher level, not fully good bc most prisoners have high self esteem, more problematic than low if it is aggressively high-> can lead to an avoidance of failure(so they never try)
poor/low-anxiety, depression, poor social relationships, underachievement, narcissists are actually in here but mask that shit
Rogers-positive regard
need-we have an innate need for acceptance, sympathy, and love
unconditional positive regard-gotten regardless of behavior
conditional positive regard- dependent on behavior, creates “conditions of worth” haha my parents
having a positive self regard allows us to grow bc we feel understood and valued, creates fully functioning persons that do not need external validation
self verification and self enhancement
self-verification-“i am good at x skill”->doing things to verify that statement, motivated to confirm self concept, better recall for more consistent self descriptions, seek out confirming relationships
self-enhancement-strong tendency to gain and preserve positive self image, contributes to psychological well-being
