CHAPTER 14 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Chomosome are made of what
A
DNA and protein
2
Q
DNA has how many neucleotide
A
4
3
Q
How many amino acids does protein contain?
A
20
4
Q
what stores more information
A
protein
5
Q
DNA is what kind of material
A
genetic
6
Q
who studied bacterium containing pneumonia
A
Frederick Griffith
7
Q
what is virulent
A
S strain
8
Q
what strain is nonvirulent
A
R strain
9
Q
what did Frederick infect to study the two strand?
A
Mice
10
Q
which strand killed the mice
A
S strain
11
Q
what digesting-enzyme destroy all transforming ability
A
DNA
12
Q
what is the genetic material in bacteria
A
DNA
13
Q
a virus that infect bacteria
A
Bacteriophages (phages)
14
Q
what are bacteriophages made of?
A
DNA and protein
15
Q
what is labeled with radioactive phosphorous
A
bacteriophages DNA
16
Q
what is labeled with radioactive sulfur
A
bacteriophages protein
17
Q
the remaining shell that was not injected into bacterial cell contain what?
A
protein
18
Q
what remains in the heavy part of the enzyme when centrifuge
A
phosphorous with DNA remain at the bottom
19
Q
what are the three parts of the nucleotide
A
- 5 carbon ring
- nitrogenous base
- phosphate group
20
Q
what do you call1 ring nitrogenous base?
A
pyrimidine
21
Q
what do you call a 2 ring nitrogenous base?
A
purine
22
Q
which protein makes up nitrogenous base in DNA (pyrimidine)?
A
cytosine and thymine
23
Q
which protein make up nitrogenous base in RNA (pyrimidine)?
A
cytosine and uracil
24
Q
what two protein makes up purine
A
adenine and guanine
25
DNA is nucleic acid composed of what?
nucleotide
26
5 carbon sugar
dioxyribose
27
what are your nitrogenous base?
1. adenine
2. cytosine
3. guanine
4. Thymine
28
what do hydroxy group attached to?
3 carbon of sugar
29
bond between adjacent nucleotide?
phosphodiester bond
30
chain of nucleotide has what kind of orientation
5' to 3'
31
who determine an equal proportion of two-ring purine (A and G) and one ring pyrimidine (C and T)
Erwin Chargaff
32
what do adenine bind with?
Thymine
33
what do cytosine bind with?
guanine
34
who discover that DNA is helical
Rosalind Franklin
35
DNA molecules made of ___________ ____________chain of nucleotide, that is double helix structure.
two intertwined
36
DNA molecules made of two intertwined chain of _____________, that is double helix structure.
nucleotide
37
DNA molecules made of two intertwined chain of nucleotide, that is _________ __________ structure.
double helix
38
repeating sugar and phosphate units are joined by what kind of bond?
phosphodiester bond
39
what is the backbone of one of the DNA strand
phosphodiester backbone
40
the double helix form ______ _______,the larger major groove and the smaller minor groove
two groove
41
the double helix from two groove, the larger _______ ______ and the smaller minor groove
major groove
42
the double helix form two groove, the larger major groove and the _____ ______ groove
smaller minor groove
43
the double helix have what kind of bond between bases on opposite strand
hydrogen bond
44
why is a helix stable
has consistent diameter and thousands of low-energy hydrogen bonds
45
what kind of base-pairing does nitrogenous base have
complimentary
46
A forms how many kind of bond with T
two
47
g forms how many bonds with c
three
48
two strand of a single DNA molecule have what kind of polarity to one another
opposite
49
both strand of parental DNA remain intact; new DNA consist of all new molecules
conservative model
50
daughter strands each consist of one parental strand and one new strand
semiconservative model
51
new DNA is dispersed throughout each strand of both daughter molecules after replication
disperse model
52
who study bacterial cells grown in heavy isotopes of nitrogen 15N?
Meselson and Stahl
53
what model was supported with Meselson and Stahl's results?
semiconservative model
54
DNA replication requires how many things to work?
1. something to copy (parental DNA molecule)
2. something to do the copying (enzyme)
3. Building blocks to make copy (nucleotide triphosphate)
55
where DNA replication begins
initiation
56
Where new strand of DNA are synthesized by DNA polymerase
Elongation
57
Where replication is terminated
Termination
58
Match existing DNA bases with complementary nucleotide and links them, that is build new DNA strands
DNA polymerases
59
what features do new DNA strand have
1. add new bases to 3' end of existing strand
2. synthesize 5' to 3' direction
3. require a primer of RNA
60
what was used in the model system for understanding universal attribute of replication?
E. coli
61
single circular molecular of DNA
prokaryotic replication
62
In prokaryotic replication where does replication begin
origin
63
prokaryotic replication begin in ______ direction around the chromosome
both
64
prokaryotic replication begin in both direction around the _________.
chromosome
65
DNA controlled by an origin
replicon
66
acts on lagging strand to remove primer and replace them with DNA
DNA polymerase I (Pol I)
67
Involved in DNA repair processes
DNA polymerase II (Pol II)
68
Main replication enzyme
DNA polymerase IIII (Pol III)
69
what do all 3 DNA polymerase have in common
3'-to5' exonuclease activity --Proofreading
70
what is different about Pol I activity?
remove RNA primers
71
in addition to adding nucleotide to a growing DNA strand, some polymerase molecules can do what?
remove nucleotide, acting as a nucleases
72
cutting DNA internally
endonucleases
73
remove nucleotide from end of DNA
exonucleases
74
use ATP to unwind DNA
helicases
75
what keeps the strand apart?
single-strand-binding proteins (SSBs)
76
torsional strain in the molecule that leads to additional twisting of the helix due to unwinding from helicases
supercoiling
77
enzymes that prevent supercoiling
topiosomerase
78
what is the topoisomerase in DNA that relieves the torsional strain?
DNA gyrase
79
what can only synthesize the 5'-to-3' direction
DNA polymerase
80
New DNA strand must be synthesize in opposite direction
antiparallel nature of DNA
81
what strand synthesize continously from an initial primer
leading
82
what strand synthesized discontinuously with multiple priming event
lagging
83
fragments on lagging strand are called what
okazaki fragment
84
partial opening of helix formed where double stranded DNA is being unwound
Replication fork
85
RNA polymerase that makes RNA primer
DNA primase
86
the ability of a polymerase to stay attached
processivity
87
what beta subunit form to keep DNA Pol III attached to DNA (high processivity)
Sliding clamp
88
joins okazaki fragments to form complete strands
DNA ligase
89
macromolecular assemble of enzymes involves in DNA replication
replisome
90
what are the primosome involved in DNA replication
1. Primase
2. helicase
3. accessory protein
91
why is eukaryotic replication more complex than prokaryotes
1. larger amount of DNA in multiple chromosomes
2. linear structure (versus circular chromosome)
92
specialized structures found on the end of eukaryotic chromosomes and composed of specific repeat sequence
telomeres
