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Microbiology > Chapter 14 & 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 & 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

etiology

A

the cause of the disease

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3
Q

transient microbiota

A

microbes present for days-years and then disappear

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4
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes in/on the body that don’t cause disease

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5
Q

antagonism

A

normal flora can prevent pathogens from causing disease

ex) E. Coli suppresses salmonella

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6
Q

symbiosis

A

the normal flora and host live together

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7
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

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8
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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9
Q

probiotics

A

live microbes applied to/ingested in the body

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10
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

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11
Q

opportunistic microorganisms

A

potentially pathogenic organisms that cause disease under special conditions (ex. immunocompromised persons)

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12
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

1) same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a heath animal
4) pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

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13
Q

syndrome

A

specific signs (measurable) and symptoms (observable changes) that cause a disease

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14
Q

communicable

A

disease spreads directly or indirectly from one host to another (ex. flu, common cold)

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15
Q

contagious

A

disease spreads easily from one person to another (ex. chicken pox)

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16
Q

noncommunicable

A

disease caused by organism normally grown outside the body (ex. tetanus, botulism)

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17
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases in the population

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18
Q

prevalence

A

number of new cases + old cases in the population

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19
Q

sporadic

A

in the population occasionally (ex. Typhoid Fever)

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20
Q

endemic

A

constantly in the population (ex. histoplasmosis)

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21
Q

epidemic

A

in the population for a short period of time (ex. flu Nov-March)

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22
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A
  • RNA, enveloped
    disease: pneumonia in infants
    transmission: droplets, aerosoles
    diagnosis: viral culture, nasal swab, serology, PCR
    treatment: monoclonal antibiotics, supportive therapy
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23
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide

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24
Q

herd immunity

A

majority of the population is immune to a disease

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25
Q

acute disease

A

rapid/sudden onset of syndrome (ex. strep throat)

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26
Q

chronic disease

A

slow in development and long lasting (ex. hepatitis)

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27
Q

latent disease

A

virus remains in the body with no syndrome

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28
Q

local infection

A

pathogen is restricted to a small area of the body (ex. cavities, pimples)

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29
Q

systemic infection

A

pathogen spreads through circulation to many sites (ex. candidiasis)

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30
Q

focal infection

A

starts initially as a local infection, but circumstances cause the microbe to be carried to other sites systemically (ex. endocarditis)

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31
Q

primary infection

A

the initial or acute infection (ex. cancer, AIDS)

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32
Q

secondary infection

A

a second infection in a different location (usually) caused by a different microbe than the primary infection (ex. mucor, thrush)

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33
Q

subclinical infection

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (ex. polio, Hep A)

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34
Q

predisposing factors

A

age, gender, genetic make-up

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35
Q

incubation period

A

time interval between infection and first signs and symptoms

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36
Q

prodromal period

A

time characterized by the first milds signs and symptoms

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37
Q

period of illness

A

most signs and symptoms

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38
Q

period of decline

A

signs and symptoms weaken

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39
Q

period of convalescence

A

body returns to prediseased state

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40
Q

causative agent

A

pathogen causing infection

41
Q

human reservoirs

A

carriers of the disease but show no signs or symptoms (ex. AIDS, gonorrhea)

42
Q

animal reservoirs

A

infections acquired by contact with animals (ex. Zoonoses - rabies, Lyme disease)

43
Q

Rhabdovirus

A

-RNA, enveloped
disease: Rabies
transmission: bite from infected animal
diagnosis: autopsy of saliva/brain tissue, viral culture
treatment: rabies immunoglobin plus vaccine
S+S: encephalitis, foaming at mouth, paralysis of throat

44
Q

portal of exit

A

route for pathogen to leave reservoir, same as portal of entry

45
Q

direct contact

A

touching, kissing, sexual

46
Q

indirect contact

A

drinking out of the same glass, dirty tissues, medical equipment, catheters

47
Q

droplet

A

coughing, sneezing, laughing

48
Q

vehicle

A

air, water, food, airborne, waterborne

49
Q

Hepatitis A

A

-RNA, enveloped
disease: Hep A
transmission: fecal-oral (contaminated waters)
diagnosis: serology for antibodies
treatment: immunoglobin
S+S: little liver damage, diarrhea, nausea

50
Q

Hepatitis E

A

-RNA, enveloped
disease: Hep E
transmission: fecal-oral (contaminated waters)
diagnosis: serology for antibodies, PCR for viral RNA
treatment: self-limiting
S+S: little liver damage, diarrhea, nausea

51
Q

vector

A

arthropod/insect that transmits the pathogen to host

52
Q

biological vector

A

pathogen multiplies in vector and bites host to transmit disease; active process (ex. malaria, Lyme disease)

53
Q

mechanical vector

A

pathogen carried on body part of vector; passive process (ex. shigella, salmonella)

54
Q

portal of entry

A

route for the pathogen to enter the host (ex. parenteral, break in skin, respiratory)

55
Q

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

A

infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, surgical centers, and healthcare clinics

56
Q

HAIs result from

A

interactions of several factors including microbes in the hospital environment, the compromised host, and the chain of infection

57
Q

leading cause of HAIs

A

Clostridium difficile

58
Q

most susceptible to HAIs

A

patients with burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems

59
Q

HAIs are transmitted by

A

direct contact between staff and patients and between patients; fomites

60
Q

emerging infectious diseases (EMDs)

A

infections that have recently appeared within a population

61
Q

contributing factors to EMDs

A

evolution of new strains, misuse of antibiotics, changes in weather patterns, ecological disasters (war), modern transportation, animal control measures

62
Q

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

causes bacteremia and pneumonia

63
Q

E. coli

A

causes hemorrhageic diarrhea and produces shiga-toxin

64
Q

Avain Influenza

A

causes bird flu, transmitted by infected birds to humans

65
Q

Swine Flu

A

causes swine flu, transited by infected pigs to humans

66
Q

Zika virus

A

transmitted by mosquitos

67
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the transmission and frequency of disease

68
Q

modern epidemiology began because of

A

John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweis & Nightingale

69
Q

Center for Disease Control (CDC)

A
  • provides data on incidence and prevalence
  • main source of epidemiological information in USA
  • publishes Mobility and Mortality Weekly Report
70
Q

Nationally Notifiable Infection Diseases

A

diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases to the US Public Health Services

71
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of the host

72
Q

virulence

A

the extent/degree of pathogenicity

73
Q

parenteral route

A

direct inoculation of microorganisms into tissues by IVs, bites, injections

74
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose for 50% of the test population (mice)

75
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose for 50% of the test population

76
Q

preferred portal of entry

A

Salmonella Typhi - swallowed

S. pneumonia - inhaled

77
Q

multiple portals of entry

A

B. anthraces - inhalation, break in skin, GI tract

Plague - parenteral, inhalation, injection, bite

78
Q

adhesins (ligands)

A

spots on pathogen the bind specifically to complimentary surface receptors on the cells of certain host tissues; glycoproteins, lipoproteins

79
Q

diversity of adhesins

A

glycocalyx on S. mutans
fimbriae on E. coli
M protein on S. pyogenes

80
Q

capsules

A

have a virulence factor and are antiphagocytic

81
Q

cell wall components

A

M protein in S. pyogenes
mycolic acid in M. tuberculosis
outer membrane protein (Opa) in N. gonorrhoeae

82
Q

exoenzymes

A

extracellular enzymes produced by bacteria and are exerted outside of the cell

83
Q

coagulase

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin (clot) which protects against phagocytosis (S. aureus)

84
Q

hemolysins

A

destroy RBC (S. aureus)

85
Q

leukocidins

A

destroy WBC (S. aureus)

86
Q

kinases

A

converts plasminogen to plasmin which breaks down fibrin (clots) (S. pyogenes)

87
Q

hyaluronidase

A

breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue (S. pyogenes)

88
Q

collagenase

A

breaks down collagen (C. perfringens)

89
Q

IgA protease

A

breaks down antibiotics fighting against the bacteria (N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitides)

90
Q

antigenic variation

A

escaping the host antibodies (flu)

91
Q

penetration into the host cell cytoskeleton

A

invasins rearrange host’s acid to change the shape of the cell and then get in (salmonella)

92
Q

exotoxins

A

gram positives; destroy specific parts of the host cell by inhibiting certain metabolic functions (ex. A-B toxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and entertoxins)

93
Q

endotoxins

A

gram negative cell walls (lipopolysaccharides); cause fever (pyrogenic response) by inducing the release of interleukin-1 from macrophages

94
Q

plasmids

A

small, circular, closed DNA molecules that are extrachromosomal and are capable of self-replication; encode for virulence factors such as enterotoxin, resistance factors to antibiotics, adhesins, coagulase, etc.

95
Q

lysogenic conversion

A

changes in the characteristic of the microbe due to prophage; pathogenic bacteria carry lysogenic phages that transmit exotoxins to nonpathogens

96
Q

cytophaic effects of viruses

A

visible effects that can lead to death or damage to the host cell

97
Q

examples of CPE

A
  • stopping mitosis
  • inclusion bodies
  • syncytium
  • induction of antigenic changes in host
  • interferon production
  • host cell transformation
98
Q

conenzyme

A

extracellular enzymes produced by bacteria

Microbiology (2 decks)

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