Chapter 14 & 15 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
pathology
A
the study of disease
2
Q
etiology
A
the cause of the disease
3
Q
transient microbiota
A
microbes present for days-years and then disappear
4
Q
normal microbiota
A
microbes in/on the body that don’t cause disease
5
Q
antagonism
A
normal flora can prevent pathogens from causing disease
ex) E. Coli suppresses salmonella
6
Q
symbiosis
A
the normal flora and host live together
7
Q
commensalism
A
one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
8
Q
mutualism
A
both organisms benefit
9
Q
probiotics
A
live microbes applied to/ingested in the body
10
Q
parasitism
A
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
11
Q
opportunistic microorganisms
A
potentially pathogenic organisms that cause disease under special conditions (ex. immunocompromised persons)
12
Q
Koch’s Postulates
A
1) same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a heath animal
4) pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
13
Q
syndrome
A
specific signs (measurable) and symptoms (observable changes) that cause a disease
14
Q
communicable
A
disease spreads directly or indirectly from one host to another (ex. flu, common cold)
15
Q
contagious
A
disease spreads easily from one person to another (ex. chicken pox)
16
Q
noncommunicable
A
disease caused by organism normally grown outside the body (ex. tetanus, botulism)
17
Q
incidence
A
number of new cases in the population
18
Q
prevalence
A
number of new cases + old cases in the population
19
Q
sporadic
A
in the population occasionally (ex. Typhoid Fever)
20
Q
endemic
A
constantly in the population (ex. histoplasmosis)
21
Q
epidemic
A
in the population for a short period of time (ex. flu Nov-March)
22
Q
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
A
- RNA, enveloped
disease: pneumonia in infants
transmission: droplets, aerosoles
diagnosis: viral culture, nasal swab, serology, PCR
treatment: monoclonal antibiotics, supportive therapy
23
Q
pandemic
A
worldwide
24
Q
herd immunity
A
majority of the population is immune to a disease
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acute disease
rapid/sudden onset of syndrome (ex. strep throat)
26
chronic disease
slow in development and long lasting (ex. hepatitis)
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latent disease
virus remains in the body with no syndrome
28
local infection
pathogen is restricted to a small area of the body (ex. cavities, pimples)
29
systemic infection
pathogen spreads through circulation to many sites (ex. candidiasis)
30
focal infection
starts initially as a local infection, but circumstances cause the microbe to be carried to other sites systemically (ex. endocarditis)
31
primary infection
the initial or acute infection (ex. cancer, AIDS)
32
secondary infection
a second infection in a different location (usually) caused by a different microbe than the primary infection (ex. mucor, thrush)
33
subclinical infection
no noticeable signs or symptoms (ex. polio, Hep A)
34
predisposing factors
age, gender, genetic make-up
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incubation period
time interval between infection and first signs and symptoms
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prodromal period
time characterized by the first milds signs and symptoms
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period of illness
most signs and symptoms
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period of decline
signs and symptoms weaken
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period of convalescence
body returns to prediseased state
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causative agent
pathogen causing infection
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human reservoirs
carriers of the disease but show no signs or symptoms (ex. AIDS, gonorrhea)
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animal reservoirs
infections acquired by contact with animals (ex. Zoonoses - rabies, Lyme disease)
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Rhabdovirus
-RNA, enveloped
disease: Rabies
transmission: bite from infected animal
diagnosis: autopsy of saliva/brain tissue, viral culture
treatment: rabies immunoglobin plus vaccine
S+S: encephalitis, foaming at mouth, paralysis of throat
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portal of exit
route for pathogen to leave reservoir, same as portal of entry
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direct contact
touching, kissing, sexual
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indirect contact
drinking out of the same glass, dirty tissues, medical equipment, catheters
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droplet
coughing, sneezing, laughing
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vehicle
air, water, food, airborne, waterborne
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Hepatitis A
-RNA, enveloped
disease: Hep A
transmission: fecal-oral (contaminated waters)
diagnosis: serology for antibodies
treatment: immunoglobin
S+S: little liver damage, diarrhea, nausea
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Hepatitis E
-RNA, enveloped
disease: Hep E
transmission: fecal-oral (contaminated waters)
diagnosis: serology for antibodies, PCR for viral RNA
treatment: self-limiting
S+S: little liver damage, diarrhea, nausea
51
vector
arthropod/insect that transmits the pathogen to host
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biological vector
pathogen multiplies in vector and bites host to transmit disease; active process (ex. malaria, Lyme disease)
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mechanical vector
pathogen carried on body part of vector; passive process (ex. shigella, salmonella)
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portal of entry
route for the pathogen to enter the host (ex. parenteral, break in skin, respiratory)
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Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)
infections acquired in hospitals, nursing homes, surgical centers, and healthcare clinics
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HAIs result from
interactions of several factors including microbes in the hospital environment, the compromised host, and the chain of infection
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leading cause of HAIs
Clostridium difficile
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most susceptible to HAIs
patients with burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems
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HAIs are transmitted by
direct contact between staff and patients and between patients; fomites
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emerging infectious diseases (EMDs)
infections that have recently appeared within a population
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contributing factors to EMDs
evolution of new strains, misuse of antibiotics, changes in weather patterns, ecological disasters (war), modern transportation, animal control measures
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
causes bacteremia and pneumonia
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E. coli
causes hemorrhageic diarrhea and produces shiga-toxin
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Avain Influenza
causes bird flu, transmitted by infected birds to humans
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Swine Flu
causes swine flu, transited by infected pigs to humans
66
Zika virus
transmitted by mosquitos
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epidemiology
the study of the transmission and frequency of disease
68
modern epidemiology began because of
John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweis & Nightingale
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Center for Disease Control (CDC)
- provides data on incidence and prevalence
- main source of epidemiological information in USA
- publishes Mobility and Mortality Weekly Report
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Nationally Notifiable Infection Diseases
diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases to the US Public Health Services
71
pathogenicity
the ability to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of the host
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virulence
the extent/degree of pathogenicity
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parenteral route
direct inoculation of microorganisms into tissues by IVs, bites, injections
74
ID50
infectious dose for 50% of the test population (mice)
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LD50
lethal dose for 50% of the test population
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preferred portal of entry
Salmonella Typhi - swallowed
| S. pneumonia - inhaled
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multiple portals of entry
B. anthraces - inhalation, break in skin, GI tract
| Plague - parenteral, inhalation, injection, bite
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adhesins (ligands)
spots on pathogen the bind specifically to complimentary surface receptors on the cells of certain host tissues; glycoproteins, lipoproteins
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diversity of adhesins
glycocalyx on S. mutans
fimbriae on E. coli
M protein on S. pyogenes
80
capsules
have a virulence factor and are antiphagocytic
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cell wall components
M protein in S. pyogenes
mycolic acid in M. tuberculosis
outer membrane protein (Opa) in N. gonorrhoeae
82
exoenzymes
extracellular enzymes produced by bacteria and are exerted outside of the cell
83
coagulase
converts fibrinogen to fibrin (clot) which protects against phagocytosis (S. aureus)
84
hemolysins
destroy RBC (S. aureus)
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leukocidins
destroy WBC (S. aureus)
86
kinases
converts plasminogen to plasmin which breaks down fibrin (clots) (S. pyogenes)
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hyaluronidase
breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue (S. pyogenes)
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collagenase
breaks down collagen (C. perfringens)
89
IgA protease
breaks down antibiotics fighting against the bacteria (N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitides)
90
antigenic variation
escaping the host antibodies (flu)
91
penetration into the host cell cytoskeleton
invasins rearrange host's acid to change the shape of the cell and then get in (salmonella)
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exotoxins
gram positives; destroy specific parts of the host cell by inhibiting certain metabolic functions (ex. A-B toxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and entertoxins)
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endotoxins
gram negative cell walls (lipopolysaccharides); cause fever (pyrogenic response) by inducing the release of interleukin-1 from macrophages
94
plasmids
small, circular, closed DNA molecules that are extrachromosomal and are capable of self-replication; encode for virulence factors such as enterotoxin, resistance factors to antibiotics, adhesins, coagulase, etc.
95
lysogenic conversion
changes in the characteristic of the microbe due to prophage; pathogenic bacteria carry lysogenic phages that transmit exotoxins to nonpathogens
96
cytophaic effects of viruses
visible effects that can lead to death or damage to the host cell
97
examples of CPE
- stopping mitosis
- inclusion bodies
- syncytium
- induction of antigenic changes in host
- interferon production
- host cell transformation
98
conenzyme
extracellular enzymes produced by bacteria
