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BIO 131 > Chapter 14-16 review > Flashcards

Chapter 14-16 review Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

DNA replication provides copies of DNA for new cells so that each cell in the body can have exactly the same DNA.

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2
Q

DNA replication takes place during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

S phase

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3
Q

Prokaryotes use binary fission instead of mitosis to divide their DNA.

A

True

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the major models of DNA replication that Messelson and Stahl (along with other scientists) were trying to differentiate between?

A

Blending Model of Replication

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5
Q

Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in “heavy” nitrogen and then switched it to “normal” nitrogen. After allowing one cycle of replication, what band(s) did they see?

A

A single band of intermediate weight (heavier than heavy nitrogen produced but lighter than normal nitrogen produced)

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6
Q

This protein separates the two strands of DNA.

A

Helicase

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7
Q

This enzyme seals the gaps between segments of newly-produced DNA

A

Ligase

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8
Q

This refers to the short pieces of DNA that are produced on the non-continuous strand of DNA.

A

Okasaki

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9
Q

This DNA strand has to be completed in multiple fragments.

A

Lagging strand

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10
Q

This protein incorporates nucleotides into the new DNA strand.

A

Polymerase

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11
Q

This strand is able to be produced in a single piece.

A

Leading strand

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12
Q

This protein keeps the DNA strands from sticking back together before they can be replicated.

A

Single-strand binding protein

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13
Q

Nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end of a strand of DNA.

A

True

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14
Q

Prokaryotes have more than 1 origin of replication per chromosome.

A

False

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15
Q

Eukaryotes have more than one origin of replication for each chromosome.

A

True

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16
Q

According to Mr. Anderson, DNA is more complicated than protein.

A

False

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17
Q

What are the building blocks for DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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18
Q

Which molecule looks very similar to a nucleotide?

A

ATP

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of a nucleotide?

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Which sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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21
Q

In DNA, what do 3’ and 5’ refer to?

A

These numbers describe the orientation of the DNA strands and refer to the specific carbons in the sugar.

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22
Q

What practical consideration stems from the antiparallel structure of DNA?

A

DNA replication is more complex because only the 3’ end of each strand can grow.

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23
Q

If the double-helix of DNA were a ladder, what would make up the rungs (the part that you step on)?

A

Nitrogenous bases

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24
Q

In base-pairing, which match listed below is correct?

A

Purine-pyrimidine

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25
Which type of bonds connect base-pairs in DNA?
Hydrogen
26
Segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, that influence the transcription of a specific gene
Enhancer
27
Collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells
Operon
28
Enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA into the mature form of the miRNA
Dicer
29
Organelle that degrades proteins
Proteasome
30
What is the role of DNA in the cell and how is this carried out?
DNA is the instructions for proteins in the cell. DNA codes for mRNA, which is translated into proteins.
31
Which scientist first showed that heritable material could move from 1 cell to another? What do we call this process?
Grffith. This process is called transformation.
32
Which group of scientists determined that the heritable material was DNA by determining which part of cells could transform a non-virulent bacterium into a virulent one?
Avery, Macleod, and Mccarty
33
Which group of scientists used radioactive bacteriophages to confirm that DNA is the heritable material and not protein?
Hershey and Chase
34
What monomers makeup DNA? What are the parts of these?
Nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar is deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.
35
Gene
Sequence of DNA that codes for a functional product.
36
Which scientists discovered the structure of DNA (even though they didn’t do the experiments)?
Watson and Crick
37
What kinds of bonds make up the backbone of DNA? What is this backbone comprised of? What kinds of bonds attach the 2 strands of DNA together?
Phosphodiester Bonds
38
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? How does it work?
Separates DNA based on its size. DNA is placed in a well of a gel. Electric current is applied. DNA moves through the positive electrode. Smallest DNA moves fastest. Once separated, DNA of a certain size can be excised and purified.
39
How is DNA packaged in cells?
DNA wrapped around histones proteins to make nucleosomes. These coiled and condense to form chromosomes.
40
What kind of bonds hold nucleotides together?
Phosphodiester Bonds
41
What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative? Which scientists demonstrated this?
You conserve or save one strand, while you have one newly produced strand in each new molecule. Meselson and Stahl determined this.
42
Name 7 proteins that are important in DNA replication and describe the sequence of events at the replication fork.
The first thing you have to have is helicase. Helicase splits helix, forming replication fork. Helicase unzips the DNA. DNA doesn't like to stay single-stranded. there is a protein called single-stranded binding protein that binds DNA to keep the DNA from reannealing. Because the DNA is twisting, it adds tension so there is a special protein called topoisomerase. Primase (RNA Polymerase) makes RNA primer. DNA polymerase extends primer to synthesize the daughter DNA strand. DNA polymerase 2 replaces RNA primer with DNA. Ligase seals nicks in the backbone.
43
Why do the ends of linear chromosomes pose a challenge to replication? How does the cell cope with this?
Ends of chromosomes have repeated sequences called telomeres, telomeres may be lengthened by an enzyme called telomerase.
44
Is DNA replication always error-free?
No
45
Name 2 types of DNA repair and describe the type of mutations they repair.
Mismatch repair, the incorrectly added base is detected after replication. The mismatch repair proteins detect this base and remove it from the newly synthesized strand by nucleus action.
46
Lagging strand synthesized in short pieces called _____ _________.
Okasaki fragments (due to anti-parallel structure of DNA)
47
Describe the differences between silent, missense, and nonsense mutations.
Silent mutations have no effect on the protein sequence. Missense mutations results in an amino acid substitution. Nonsense mutations substitute a stop codon for an amino acid.
48
Are frameshift or point mutations more damaging to a protein? Why?
Yes, changes the reading frame and completely changes the proteins.
49
DNA is ______ into mRNA, which is _______ into protein.
Transcribed, translated
50
What are DNA, RNA, and proteins made of?
Nucleotides, proteins made of amino acods
51
Name 2 differences between DNA and RNA.
RNA usually single-stranded RNA uses uracil, not thymine DNA deoxyribose RNA ribose
52
What are the parts of an amino acid? Which part varies from one amino acid to another?
- Central Carbon - A hydrogen - An amino group - A carboxyl group - R group (what is on the r group varies)
53
What is a codon? How many nucleotides are in it?
3 letter mRNA. Code for amino acids. 3 nucleotides
54
What is meant by “reading frame” in translation? Why are frameshift mutations so damaging?
3 possible ways of reading a nucleotide sequence. Frameshift mutations changes the amino acids for the proteins.
55
Where does transcription begin?
At a promoter
56
In transcription, where does the polymerase bind? Where does it begin transcribing?
To the promoter. At the initiation site.
57
What is the purpose of messenger RNA?
Carries the message to the cytoplasm, after that binds to the ribosome.
58
RNA polymerase makes ___________ RNA.
Messenger
59
What are 2 reasons that prokaryotes can transcribe and translate mRNA simultaneously?
- Don't have a nucleus | - Do not modifry their mRNA
60
What is the role of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?
-Bind to promoter | -
61
Describe the modifications made to eukaryotic mRNA before translation.
- Add 5'cap - Add poly-A tail - Splice out introns
62
mRNA
Provides template for ribosome
63
What is splicing?
The process of removing introns and connecting exons to in pre-mRNA
64
rRNA
With protein, makes up the ribosome
65
tRNA
Brings amino acids to the ribosome and determines which one should bind next
66
What types of bonds are formed between amino acids to make a protein?
Peptide Bonds
67
Which organelle makes proteins?
Ribosome
68
What is meant by “gene expression?”
Determines cell characteristics
69
Do all cells in the body have the same DNA? If so, do they all make the same proteins?
Yes
70
How is gene expression primarily controlled in prokaryotes?
Transcription Initiation
71
How is gene expression primarily controlled in eukaryotes? What are a few other ways gene expression is controlled in eukaryotes?
- Epigenetic changes - Transcription Initiation - mRNA processing and export - Translation - Post-translation
72
What are the 4 parts of an operon? What are their functions?
Promoter, Repressor, Operator and Gene
73
What is the purpose of the Trp Operon?
Makes trp if triptophan is not present
74
Under what conditions is the Trp Operon active?
IN the absence of triptophan
75
What is the purpose of the Lac Operon?
Deals with lactose
76
Under what conditions is the Lac Operon active?
When lactose is present
77
What is the role of transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription? Where do they bind?
Bind at promoter
78
Where is an enhancer located? What protein is required to help it regulate transcription?
DNA far from the gene but close by DNA bending
79
What are 2 ways that eukaryotes can regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally?
-Alternative splicing | -
80
If a cell no longer needs a protein, how does it recycle it?
Labeled by ubuquitin destroyed by proteosome.

BIO 131 (1 decks)

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