Chapter 14 Flashcards
(37 cards)
Understand the evolution of emotions
One possible advantage of emotions is their contribution to general arousal; when the brain perceives a situation requiring action, emotions provide the arousal needed to tigger a response. Emotions manage our approach an withdrawal behaviors relative to particular environment stimuli. Enhance survival by helping us communicate.
Emotions and the two major components.
Combination of physical sensations and the conscious experience of a feeling. Demonstrate valence or a generally positive or negative quality.
Two components: physical sensation such as rapid heart beat and conscious subjective experience of feeling such as scared.
Understand the yerkes-Dodson law
Yerkes and Dodson (1908) observed for simple tasks such as outrunning a predator greater arousal tended to lead to superior performance. For complex tasks, we see deficits in performance when arousal levels are too high- performing badly on test.
Understand nonverbal communication
Consist of facial expression an body language and provides an important source of social information. For example body expression of fear can communicate important in an immediate, arousing and contagious manner.
The evolution of emotion
Contribute to general arousal , approach/avoidance behavior and enhance survival by helping us communicate.
The two major pathways that control facial expression and what happens if they are damaged.
Motor cortex which is responsible for voluntarily expression and subcortical system in the brainstorm which is responsible for spontaneous expression.
People with damage to the primary motor cortex are unable to smile on command on the side contralateral to their damage however they show some spontaneous smiling this is called volitional facial paresis- voluntary emotion is impaired.
understand the biological influences on emotional expression
Anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust, surprise, contempt, and embarrassment are major emotional expression that appear to be universal across human cultures. The developmental progression of expression and recognition is the same in both humans and primates. Follows a fairly regular timeline with little influence of experience. Figure 14.4 and figure 14.5 timeline shows that children from diverse cultures show similar reactions to separations so they have the greatest emotional reactions at the same time suggesting that emotional behavior has a biological origin.
understand the environmental influences on emotion ( how culture influences emotional expression)
Although basic emotional expression is innate, our culture do influences how we show emotions. The presence of other people often influences the intensity of emotional expression. Study done: Japanese were less expressive around unfamiliar peers and Americans no differences.
know individual differences in emotion
Individual are different from one another in their overall levels of emotional reactivity. Infants who are highly reactive to environmental stimuli are at greater risk for anxiety and mood disorder later in life and low reactive have antisocial behaviors. Depending on how reactive they are as infants can ultimately show how the many develop disorders. One source of these individual differences appears to be the amygdala which plays a crucial role in interpretation of emotional stimuli. Individual with major depressive disorder show higher levels of activity in the amygdala. Amygdala involved in negative emotions fear aggression and anxiety.
know the taletell signs of a liar
Stumbles verbally adding um’s and uh’s Stiffen head and upper body. Nod heads less frequently and don’t use hand gestures as much. Inappropriate smiling and laughing can result from nervousness. Avoid eye contact; Feet begin swinging.
polygraph
Polygraph or lie-detector test are unreliable. Data reflects arousal and an innocent person might be aroused out of fear.
James-Lange Theory
Awareness of our physical state leads to identification of subjective feeling.Your experience of emotion is your awareness of your physical response to emotion arousal stimuli. Arousal and then experiences emotion. Awareness physical state leads to identify of feeling. Figure 14.7 unstable bridge caused aroused in turn they had sexual behavior toward the girl on the bridge. Thought she was attractive. Supported by Facial feedback if you smile when depressed chances mood.
include empathy and catharsis.
empathy
The ability to relate to the feelings of another person.
Catharsis
“purging” the relief of tension through the expression of emotion.
Canon-Bard Theory
the subjective and physical responds occur simultaneously and independently. Happen at the same time. Independent from each other the central nervous system has the ability to produce an emotion directly without needing feedback from the peripheral nervous system.
Schacter-singer Theory
Instead a stimulus first produces general arousal. Once aroused we make a conscious cognitive appraisal of our circumstances which allows us to identify our subjective feelings. One direct test involves injecting epinephrine (adrenalin).
The somatosensory cortex
encodes this entire pattern of experience as a somatic marker.
somatic maker
an association formed between a stimuli and resulting patterns of physical activation.
understand the Autonomic Nervous system and what brain structures are involved.
Controls many activities of our organs and glands, participates in general arousal associated with emotional states. Sympathetic division is responsible for fight or flight response and parasympathetic division participates in resting activities such as digesting food and repair body tissues. Triggers adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Provides energy by your liver pouring more sugar into blood stream increase respiration. Depriates more blood to muscles. ANS answers to the hypothalamus directly or by nucleus of the solitary tract, a structure located in the medulla that receives input from the hypothalamus and participates in the control of the ANS. Heart rate, finger temperature, skin conductance, and muscle activity appear to produce different patterns during different emotional states and degree and reliability of such differences remains dispute. General differences such as correlation of autonomic measures and positive or negative emotions are clear. Hypothalamus in your brain control ASN. Stronger with negative emotions.
amygdala and what happens when its damaged.
It is composed of three cluster of nuclei: basolateral nuclei, corticomedial nuclei and central nuclei. It’s located at the anterior tip of each temporal lobe just below the cortex on the medial side. Participates in variety of processes including emotion, reward, motivation, learning, memory and attention. Receives info from many areas of the neocortex, especially sensory cortex from the cingulate cortex and from the hippocampus. In turn projects to numerous areas of the brain including frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex, olfactory bulb and cortex, the basal ganglia, the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens. Amygdala is Important in identification and expression of emotion. If Damaged reduced emotional states: fear anxiety and aggression.
Kliiver- bucy syndrome
removing temporal lobes in monkey’s collection of symptoms including tameness, extreme sexual behavior, and oral exploration that results from damage to the temporal lobes, and the amygdala in particular. Monkeys not very fearful.
The cingulate cortex
Serve as major gate way between the amygdala, other limbic structures and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is target of a number of pathways communicating info about physical pain. ACC participates in social pain and cooperates with the orbitofrontal cortex in processing reward and decision making as well as inhibition of aggression.
The cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe mediates personality and involves emotional distribution. People with issue in the frontal lobe IQ can be normal but they rejection of emotions with fear and anxiety especially. Involves envision and judge whether sometime is appreciate if damage you don’t have envision. Frontal lobotomies 1939 to 1951 18,000 Americans were treated range from schizophrenia to depression to anxiety. Ice pick surgery wigged back and forth severing the connections the frontal lobe. Patients were discontinued; seizures, lack of inhibition impulsivity or lack of initiative. Video: have stoke on right side, left is more associated with positive emotions. Dichotic listening where left ear is able to pick meaning and right side emotional content. Right is better in interrupting emotional and figuring out facial expression quicker. Asymmetry facial expression right expression more when smile left side smiles more. Figure 14.13
patterns of activation and emotion
Widespread areas of the brain appear to be associated with each specific emotion and areas associated with different emotions show considerable overlap. PET scan of 41 participants were observed as the experience anger, sadness, fear and happiness. They were instructed to recall a specific event and recreate the feelings. The result indicated that complex patterns of activity involving multiple regions of the brain characterized each emotion although all 4 emotions were distinct from one another single brain regions might participant in more than one of the emotional states.
areas associated with emotion show considerable overlap