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Intro Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Discovered DNA

A

Friedrich Miescher

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2
Q

3 main components of DNA

A
  1. Five carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate (PO4) group
  3. A nitrogenous base
    Bases may be :
    Purine- adenine , A, or guanine, G,
    Pyrimidine- thymine ,T, or cytosine, C

RNA - has pyrimidine uracil,U,

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3
Q

Chargaffs rules

A
  1. Proportion of A always equals that of T and the proportion of G always equals that of C. ( A=T ; G=C)
  2. A/T and G/C proportions vary widely in species
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4
Q

The two strands of double helix are referred as the

A

Phosphodiester backbone

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5
Q

What is the complementary strand sequence of TACG

A

ATGC

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6
Q

Native double stranded DNA always has the __________ configuration

A

Antiparallel

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7
Q

Who created the Model of DNA structure

A

Watson Crick

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8
Q

Phosphates are connected to the deoxyribose sugar by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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9
Q

In a strand of DNA the 3’ C attaches to phosphate group and then attaches to the ______

A

5’-Carbon

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10
Q

The base is always attached to which carbon

A

1’-Carbon

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11
Q

One molecule of DNA when it replicates each new daughter molecule will consist of one new strand and one old strand this makes DNA replication _______

A

Semi conservative

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12
Q

What are the bases in a DNA molecule held together by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold A and T together

A

3

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold G and C bases together

A

2

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15
Q

If one stranded had a 5’ -C beginning and a 3’- C end what would the 2nd strand begin and end with? This makes them ______

A

3’-C and 5’ -C;

Anti parallel

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16
Q

Which characteristics of DNA allows each strand of molecule to act as a template that specifies the exact sequence of nucleotides in the other strand

A

Complementarity of the bases

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17
Q

What is the order of proteins that participate in DNA replication

A
  1. Helicase
  2. Single strand binding proteins
  3. Primase
  4. DNA polymerase III
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18
Q

UV light damages DNA by causing

A

Covalent bonds to form between thymine nucleotides next to each other on the same DNA strand

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19
Q

Thymine dimer weakens_____

A

Hydrogen bonding and leads to mutations

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20
Q

What enzyme is responsible for repairing thymine dimers using the energy of light

A

DNA photolyase

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21
Q

Which protein has a helicase function

A

UvrD

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22
Q

The covalent bonds between the thymine dimers are broken in

A

Light repair

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23
Q

3 items needed for DNA replication

A
  1. Template
  2. Nucleotides
  3. Enzymes
24
Q

These are plugged into the template strand

A

Nucleotides

25
This enzyme attaches nucleotides to the template strand
DNA polymerase
26
Which end do the DNA polymerase ALWAYS attach the nucleotides
3' end
27
This is a short RNA molecule that attaches to the DNA template strand
Primer
28
What attaches to the strand after the primer
DNA polymerase
29
Enzyme that unwinds parent strand to split into 2 strands ( templates)
Helicase
30
This enzyme attaches to parent DNA just in front of the replication fork and helps smooth out DNA to prevent supercooling
DNA gyrase
31
Enzyme that makes rna primers and attach to the exposed bases on the DNA template strand
Primase
32
This strand synthesize continuously; works towards the helicase location
Leading strand
33
This strand requires many RNA primers to synthesize and is a discontinuous process creating short sections
Lagging strand
34
These are the short sections of new DNA made on the lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
35
This enzyme removes RNA primer to replace with DNA bases
DNA polymerase 1
36
This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments together to make a complete new strand
DNA ligase
37
This holds the polymerase in place
Beta clamp
38
What is Eukaryotes and prokaryotes difference in DNA replication
Linear chromosomes
39
Short sequences of nucleotides at the ends of the DNA of a chromosome repeated 1000 of times ; protect the end of chromosomes; and are not a gene
Telomeres
40
The base sequence of telomeres in human DNA
TTAGGT
41
Where does problem arise when it comes to telomeres ? (Which strand?)
Lagging strand
42
What is the problem that occurs with telomeres on the lagging strand
It can't be replicated due to DNA polymerase 1 unable to attach ; so every time the DNA molecule replicates it loses some of the telomere which loses its protection leading to damage and death of cell
43
Which cells can repair the protective cap on DNA
Germaine Cells
44
What is the name of the enzyme that attaches to nucleotides to lengthen the telomere
Telomerase
45
Where can you find the telomerase enzymes
- cells of embryos - cells of growing children - cancer cells
46
Name the nitrogenous bases of DNA
Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
47
Who developed first techniques for isolating very pure samples of DNA
Maurice Wilkins
48
This scientist used X-ray diffraction to discover DNA was a double helix ; width of DNA was 2nm
Rosland Franklin
49
Meselson and stahl studied Ecoli using N15 isotope to demonstrate that DNA is
Semi conservative
50
In DNA replication a _______ is formed by the old strands of the parent DNA
Template
51
These are needed to plug into the template in replication
Nucleotides
52
Any change in DNA
Mutation
53
Anything that causes mutation of DNA
Mutiagen
54
This type of DNA repair targets a single type of mutation repairs only that mutation
Specific repair
55
This type of repair can fix several mutation/ mistakes
Non- specific
56
Example of a non specific repair in which an enzyme seeks for mistakes and cuts the mistake out which triggers for DNA polymerase I &II
Excision
57
Which enzyme is only found in repair
DNA polymerase II

Intro Biology (11 decks)

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