Chapter 14 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Good nutrition is vital for what?
Growth and health
Our bodies require the same basic nutrients our entire lives, though recommended quantities vary as physiologic needs change with what?
Age
Prenatal obesity increases mother’s chance of life-threatening diseases like what?
- Increased hypertension
- Gestational Diabetes
- Causes preclampsia
- Prolonged delivery
Being underweight during prenatal will cause what?
- Anemia
- Early delivery of low birth weight baby.
Fallacies
- Pregnant women need to eat for two.
- A mother loses a tooth for each child.
Prenatal Requirements
- A mother requires an extra 300 calories per day beginning in the fourth month until delivery
- Extra Protein
- Calcium
- Foods rich in B complex vitamins
- 25% increase in fluid intake
- Plenty of folate-rich foods
Teeth lost during pregnancy are lost due to what?
decay and pain
What happens if a prenatal diet is deficient in calcium?
Calcium is taken from bones, where it has been stored, for rapid fetal growth.
Prenatal Cravings
- Pregnancy creates an altered sense of taste and smell.
- Foods once desired may smell or taste bad.
- 75% to 90% of pregnant women have at least one food craving.
- 50% to 85% of pregnant women have at least one food aversion.
Prenatal diet should include what?
- Foods rich in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D for healthy tooth formation.
- Folate-rich foods
- -> at least 400mcg/day
- ->If deficient, there us an increased chance of child having neural tube defects.
Prenatal warnings
Avoid raw eggs, meat, soft cheeses, and unpasteurized juice as they may carry food-borne illness.
Infancy
- Time of tremendous growth.
- Weight triples by the first birthday.
- Intestinal absorption is inefficient.
- Renal function is immature.
- Breast milk and infant formula should be provided for 4 to 6 months.
- Cow’s milk too high in protein for kidneys.
Infants failure to thrive show what?
- Weight is not proportional to height
- Rank in the bottom one third or below of standard growth charts.
- Appear much smaller than infants of same sex and age.
- Physical, mental, and social skills are underdeveloped.
What causes failure to thrive?
- Emotional issues—mother withholds her affection
- Medical issues—chromosome abnormalities, defective heart and lungs, thyroid disorder, chronic infections, metabolic disorders
- Nutritional issues—nutrient malabsorption, poor eating habits, gastric reflux, lack of digestive enzymes
- Social issues—educating the parents about high-nutrient feeding and counseling about creating environment that encourages good eating
Toddlers
- Move from a fluid diet to more solid foods.
- Picky eaters.
- Decrease in appetite due to decrease in growth.
- Do not force eating in the absence of hunger.
- Snacking is an important part of the diet.
School-Age Child
- Form lifelong relationships with food.
- Brain is same size as adults.
- Liver is half as big as adult.
- ->Require steady blood glucose levels to concentrate
- ->Feed about every 4 hours
- Appetite is good.
- Snacks important.
Teenagers
- Worst diets of any age group.
- Diets influenced by peer pressure.
- Time of rapid physical growth.
- Hormonal changes affect every organ.
- Nutrient and energy needs are greatly accelerated.
- Consume twice as much soda as milk.
What are the nutritional concerns for women?
- Peaked linear growth
- Increasing body fat
- May worry they are not thin enough
- Increased need for iron
- Time to store calcium
What are the nutritional concerns for men?
- Building up to peak linear growth
- Begin to develop bone and muscle mass
- Consume 4,000 calories just to maintain weight
- Increased need for all major nutrients
- Desire to build muscle mass
Young Adult
- Gradual slowing of metabolic rate.
- May be eating less but still gaining weight.
- Organ function less efficient.
- All senses diminish.
- Metabolic rate slows.
- Reduction in taste sensation.
- Inability to sense thirst.
Adult Digestive Concerns
- GERD
- Lactose Intolerant
GERD
- bile backwashes into the esophagus, irritating the lining and causing significant burning.
- Smokers, obese, pregnant, hiatal hernia, diabetics are prone to GERD.
- Foods that worsen the condition are alcohol, chocolate, fatty, fried, citrus, garlic, onions, mint, tomatoes, and anything spicy.
Lactose Intolerant
- small intestines no longer produce lactase to break apart dairy products.
- Gas is created in the colon within 30 minutes and up to 2 hours after eating some form of dairy product.
Older Adult
- Biological age varies widely with chronological age.
- Calorie intake should decrease and activity rate should increase.
- Lean body mass declines and adipose tissue increases.
- Multiple medications.
- Loss of teeth makes chewing difficult.
