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Chem 101 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adsorption

A

Adhesion of species onto surfaces of particles

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2
Q

Associated ions

A

Short-lived species formed by the collision of dissolved ions of opposite charge

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3
Q

Biodegradability

A

The ability of a substance to be broken down into simpler substances by bacteria

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4
Q

Boiling point elevation

A

The incrase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by dissolution of a nonvolatile solute

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5
Q

Boiling point elevation constant, Kb

A

A constant that corresponds to the change (increase) in boiling point produced by a one-molal ideal solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte

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6
Q

Colligative properties

A

Physical properties of solutions that depend on the number but not the kind of solute particles present

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7
Q

Colloid

A

A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles do not settle out; also called colloidal dispersion

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8
Q

Crystal lattice energy

A

The energy change when one mole of formula units of a crystalline solid is formed from its ions, atoms, or molecules in the gas phase; aways negative

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9
Q

Detergent

A

A soap-like emulsifier that contains a sulfonate, -SO3-, or sulfate, -OSO3-, group instead of a carboxylate, -COO-, group

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10
Q

Dispersed phase

A

The solute-like species in a colloid

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11
Q

Dispersing medium

A

The solvent-like phase in a colloid

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12
Q

Dispesrsion

A

A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles do not settle out

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13
Q

Distillation

A

The process in which components of a mixture are separated by boiling away the more volatile liquid

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14
Q

Effective molality

A

The sum of the molalities of all solute particles in solution

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15
Q

Emulsifier

A

A substance that coats the particles of a dispersed phase and prevents coagulation of colloidal particles

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16
Q

Emulsifying agent

A

A substance that coats the particles of a dispersed phase and prevents coagulation of colloidal particles; an emulsifier

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17
Q

Emulsion

A

A collodial dispersion of a liquid in a liquid

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18
Q

Eutrophication

A

The undesirable overgrowth of vegetation caused by high concentrations of plant nutriens in bodies of water

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19
Q

Foam

A

A collodial dispersion of a gas in a liquid

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20
Q

Fractional distallation

A

The process in which a fractionating column is used in a distallation apparatus to separate components of a liquid mixture that have different boiling points

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21
Q

Freezing point depression

A

The decrease in the freezing point of a solvent caused by the presence of a solute

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22
Q

Freezing point depression constant, Kf

A

A constant that corresponds to the change in freezing point produced by a one-molal ideal solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte

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23
Q

Gel

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A

A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid; a semirigid sol

24
Q

Hard water

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A

Water containing Fe3+, Ca2+, or Mg2+ ions, which form precipitates with soaps

25
Heat of solution (molar)
The amount of heat absorbed in the formationof a solution that contains one mole of solute; the value is positive if heat is absorbed (endothermic) and negative if heat is released (exothermic)
26
Henry's Law
The pressure of the gas above a solution is proportional to the concentration of the gas in the solution
27
Hydration
The interaction (surrounding) of solute particles with water molecules
28
Hydration energy (molar) of an ion
The energy change accompanying the hydration of a mole of gaseous ions
29
Hydrophilic colloids
Colloidal particles that attract water molecules
30
Hydrophobic colloids
Colloidal particles that repel water molecules
31
Ideal solution
A solution that obeys Raoult's Law exactly
32
Liquid aerosol
A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a gas
33
Micelle
A cluster of a large number of soap or dtergent molecules or ions, assembled with their hydrophobic tails directed toward the center and their hydrophilic heads directed outward
34
Miscibility
The ability of one liquid to mix with (dissolve in) another liquid
35
Molality (*m*)
Concentration expressed as number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
36
Mole fraction of a component in solution
The number of moles of the component divided by the total number of moles of all components
37
Osmosis
The process by which solvent molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane froma dilute solution into a more concentrated solution
38
Osmotic pressure
The hydrostatic pressure produced on the surface of a semipermeable membrane by osmosis
39
Percent ioniation of weak electrolytes
The percent of the weak electrolyte that ionies in a solution of a given concentration
40
Raoult's Law
The vapor pressure of a solvent in an ideal solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution
41
Reverse osmosis
The forced flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a concentrated solution into a dilute solution. This is accomplished by application of hydrostatic pressure on the concentrated side greater than the osmotic pressure that is opposing it
42
Saturated solution
A solution in which no more solute with dissolve a ta given temperature
43
Semipermeable membrane
A thin partition between two solutions through which certain molecules can pass but others cannot
44
Soap
An emulsifier that can disperse nonpolar substances in water; the soldium salt of a long-chain organic acid; consists of a long hydrocarbon chain attatched to a carboxylate group, --CO2-NA+
45
Sol
A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid
46
Solid aerosol
A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a gas
47
Solid emulsion
A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid
48
Solid foam
A colloidal dispersion of a gas in a solid
49
Solid sol
A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a solid
50
Solvation
The process by which solvent molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules
51
Supersaturated solution
A (metastable) solution that contains a higher-than-saturation concentration of solute; slight disturbance or seeding causes crystallization of excess solute
52
Surfactant
A "surface-active agent"; a substance that has the ability to emulsify and wash away oil and grease in an aqueous suspension
53
Thermal pollution
Introduction of heated waste water into natural waters
54
Tyndall effect
The scattering of light by colloidal particles
55
van't Hoff factor, *i*
A number that indicates the extent of dissociation or ionization of a solute; equal to the actual colligative property divided by the colligative property calculated assuming no ionization or dissociation

Chem 101 (13 decks)

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