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TEK9320 Battery Technology > Chapter 14 - Alternatives to batteries > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Alternatives to batteries Flashcards

1
Q

What problem are we trying to solve with energy storage?

A
  • Production and demand variations
  • Time scale, power, geographical scale
  • Mobility
  • Willingness to pay (what is the competition?)
  • Synergies (simultaneous business cases)
  • Pathways (shared technology drives)
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2
Q

How can energy storage help solar?

A

Solar has production variations on different scales:

  • Yearly cycle (summer vs. winter)
  • Weather variation (long spells of rain)
  • Daily cycle (night vs. day)
  • Hourly variation
  • Minute variation (sudden overcast)
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3
Q

How can energy storage help wind power?

A

Wind has no predictable daily cycle.

During winter there can be blocking high pressures

Europe is not a sufficient area to average out variations.

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4
Q

What are the current trends for consumption?

A

Towards more power, less energy.

Heat pump, induction, point heater, rapdid charging of EV

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5
Q

What is the criteria for successful energy storage systems?

A
  • Power/energy ratio
  • Energy cost / kW
  • Energy cost / kWh
  • Lifetime (cycle life + calendar life)
  • Maturity (and future potential?)
  • Energy efficiency
  • Self discharge
  • Limitations of resources/locations
  • Suitability for multiple value propositions
  • Suitable for all customer groups
  • Pathway for market development (e.g. consumer electronics, mobility)
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6
Q

What alternatives to batteries do we have for energy storage?

A
  • Pumped hydro
  • Compressed air
  • Flywheel
  • Superconducting magnetic energy storage
  • Super capacitor
  • Thermal energy storage
  • Hydrogen energy storage
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7
Q

What are the different alternative battery technologies to Li-ion?

A
  • Lead acid
  • NaS-batteries
  • ZEBRA-batteries
  • NiCd-batteries
  • Vanadium redox flow batteries
  • ZnBr-batteries
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8
Q

What are the pros and cons of pumped hydro?

A

Pros:

  • Mature technology - accounts for 99% of storage capacity worldwide today
  • Cheap energy storage (1-20 $ / kWh)
  • Negligible self-discharge

Cons:

  • High price per power (1128 $ / kW)
  • Future development limited by suitable sites
  • Not amazing efficiency (~70-80%)
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9
Q

What are the pros and cons of compressed air energy storage?

A

Pros:

  • Can be relatively cheap (2-120 $ / kWh)
  • Negligible self-discharge

Cons:

  • Cost dependent on storage material
  • Natural cites are limited
  • Low volumetric density
  • Poor efficiency
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10
Q

What are the pros and cons of flywheel energy storage?

A

Pros:

  • Very little maintenance
  • Mature

Cons:

  • Expensive
  • High self discharge
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11
Q

How does a flywheel energy storage work?

A

It stores electrical energy as kinetic energy in rotation. Magnetic bearing and vacuum minimizes the friction, but still quite a lot of self-discharge.

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12
Q

How does compressed air energy storage work?

A

Compress ambient air with low-demand electricity, store it underground and run it through a gas turbine to produce electricity during peak demand.

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13
Q

How does a superconducting magnetic energy storage work?

A

Stores electrical energy in an electric current that does not decay due to superconduction. Requires cooling.

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14
Q

What are the pros and cons of superconducting magnetic energy storage?

A

Pros:

  • Current does not decay
  • Can be completely discharged
  • Has working capacity installed somewhere in the world

Cons:

  • Very high price (1000 - 10000 $ / kWh)
  • Requires cooling
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15
Q

How does a supercapacitor work?

A

Stores electric energy in electric field between two electrodes in liquid or porous dielectric.

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16
Q

What are the pros and cons of supercapacitors?

A

Pros:

  • High discharge rate
  • Long lifetimes

Cons:

  • High self-discharge
  • Expensive
  • Voltage changes with charge
17
Q

How does thermal energy storage work?

A

Stores electricity as heat

18
Q

What are the pros and cons of thermal energy storage?

A

Pros:
- Cheap (3-60 $ / kWh)

Cons:

  • Poor electricity-to-electricity solutions
  • Low efficiency (60%)
19
Q

How does hydrogen energy storage work?

A

Chemical storage in hydrogen gas. Either from gas reforming or electrolysis. Either burned in turbines or run through a fuel cell to utilise energy.

20
Q

What are the pros and cons of hydrogen energy storage?

A

Pros:

  • Mature storage technologies (compressed in tanks, liquiefied or as metal hydrides
  • Potentially cheap

Cons:
- Poor efficiency

21
Q

What are the pros and cons of a lead acid battery?

A

Pros:
- Most developed battery technology

Cons:

  • Little potential for cost reduction (200 - 400 $ / kWh)
  • Short cycle-life - limited potential for energy management
22
Q

What are the pros and cons of a NiCd-battery?

A

Pros:
- Mature technology

Cons:

  • Toxicity of components
  • Little probability of future development
23
Q

What are the pros and cons of NiMH-batteries?

A

Pro:

  • Mature technology
  • High rate capability
  • Robust
  • Safe
  • Suitable for high temperature applications

Cons:

  • Lower energy density than Li-ion
  • Self-discharge potentially high
24
Q

What are the pros and cons of NaS-batteries?

A

Pros:
- No self-discharge?

Cons:
- Requires high operating tempearture

25
Q

What are the pros and cons of the ZEBRA-battery?

A

Pros:
- Any?

Cons:
- Considerable self-discharge

26
Q

What is a flow battery?

A

A flow battery is a battery where the electro-active components are stored externally in tanks and pumped along the electrodes. Can scale the power and energy density as needed.

27
Q

What is the pros and cons of vanadium redox flow batteries?

A

Pros:

  • Most mature flow battery
  • No self-discharge during stoppage.
  • Potential for cost reduction

Cons:
- Cross-transport of vanadium ions across the membrane when active

28
Q

What are ZnBr-batteries?

A

Hybrid flow batteries. High energy density, long lifetime and discharge time and large variations in module size. Cost projected to drop rapidly.

29
Q

How does hydrogen storage capacity compare to battery storage capacity?

A

Much larger. 1000 Wh / kg for combined hydrogen tank and fuel cell.

Batteries are approaching high 200s.

30
Q

In what areas are the willingness to pay for hydrogen storage the highest?

A

H2 as fuel for fuel cell EVs. Other areas, such as for electricity generation, adding to NG-mix, much lower. As feedstock for industry slightly higher again, but not enough to drive massive volumes.

31
Q

When does cost of electrolysers saturate?

A

At > 500 Nm^3 / h

32
Q

When does the cost of liquefaction plant for hydrogen saturate?

A

At > 5000 Nm^3 / h

33
Q

Comparing batteries and hydrogen, when does it make sense to use fuel cells + H2 storage and when does it make sense to use batteries? Why?

A

Fuel cells: For many hours / cycles, but not many cycles

Batteries: When being used for many many cycles

Because the efficiency of batteries are much higher, and over time that will result in savings.

34
Q

What are the big differences between PEM and SOFC?

A

PEM:

  • Low temperature operation (< 80 C)
  • Flexible operation (15 min ramp time)
  • 50% efficiency
  • Preffered option in cars
  • Only hydrogen

SOFC:

  • High temperatures (> 800 C)
  • Requires stable operation (4 hour ramp time)
  • EFficiency up to 60%
  • Multiple fuels possible
35
Q

What are the different storage options for hydrogen from most to least expensive?

A
  • Metal hydride storage
  • Compoosite tank
  • Glass fibre tank
  • Steel tank
  • Liquid hydrogen
  • Underground storage
36
Q

In which areas are biofuels the most attractive option for transport?

A
  • Low engine cost (for now…)
  • Low tank cost
  • High volumetric density
37
Q

In which areas is hydrogen the preferred option for transport?

A
  • Zero local emissions (with batteries)
  • Resource availability
  • Gravimetric density
38
Q

In which areas are batteries the preferred option for transport?

A
  • Energy efficiency
  • Zero local emissions (with hydrogen)
  • Eventually low engine cost.
39
Q

How does biofuel cost develop with volume?

A

In increases due to limited resources. Many bio products have higher value than fuels.

TEK9320 Battery Technology (15 decks)

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