Chapter 14 Basal Ganglia

Question 1

Role of Basal Ganglia

Answer 1

-Movement (descending pathway)
-Cognition
-Emotion
-Drug addiction
-Psychiatric disease

Question 2

Components of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 2

-Striatum
-Globus Pallidus (internal and external)
-Ventral pallidum
-Subthalamic nucleus
-Substantia nigra
-Ventral tegmental area

Question 3

Parts of the striatum

Answer 3

1. Nucleus accumbens
2. Putamen
3. Caudate Nucleus

Question 4

Components of Basal Ganglia involved in cognition and eye movement control

Answer 4

Caudate Nucleus and Substatnia nigra (pars reticulata)

Question 5

Components of Basal Ganglia involved in control of limb and trunk movements

Answer 5

Putamen and Globus pallidus (internal)

Question 6

Components of Basal Ganglia involved in emotions

Answer 6

Nucleus accumbens and Ventral pallidum

Question 7

Components of Basal Ganglia involved in motor, cognition, and emotions

Answer 7

Globus pallidus (external), subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra (pars compacta)

Question 8

Components of Basal Ganglia involved in emotions of intrinsic nuclei

Answer 8

Ventral pallidum and ventral tegmental area

Question 9

Medial to internal capsule:

Answer 9

-Thalamus (not part of basal ganglia)
-Caudate nucleus

Question 10

Lateral to internal capsule

Answer 10

-Putamen
-Globus pallidus externa
-Globus pallidus interna

Question 11

Where does the basal ganglia project back to?

Answer 11

-ONLY to the frontal cortex

Question 12

Input Nuclei

Answer 12

-Striatum (Caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens)

Question 13

Output Nuclei

Answer 13

-GPI
-Substantia nigra (reticulata)
-Ventral pallidum

Question 14

Is Glutamate Inhibitory or Excitatory

Answer 14

Excitatory

Question 15

Is GABA Inhibitory or Excitatory

Answer 15

Inhibitory

Question 16

Is Dopamine Inhibitory or Excitatory

Answer 16

Excitatory or Inhibitory

Question 17

Direct Path of Basal Ganglia (loop)

Answer 17

-Frontal lobe -> Input Nuclei -> Output Nuclei -> Thalamus -> Frontal Cortex
-Glut -> GABA -> GABA -> Glut (in between arrows)
-Increased movement

Question 18

Indirect Path of Basal Ganglia (u-shaped)

Answer 18

Frontal lobe -> Input Nuclei -> GPE and Ventral pallidum -> Subthalamic nucleus -> Output Nuclei -> Thalamus -> Frontal lobe
Glut -> GABA -> GABA/Glut (back and forth) -> Glut -> GABA -> Glut
-Decreased movement

Question 19

Describe the Skeletomotor Loop

Answer 19

Primary Somatosensory Cortex -> Putamen -> GPI and SNr -> Ventral anterior and Ventral lateral -> Primary motor/premotor/supplementary motor area

Question 20

Function of Skeletomotor Loop

Answer 20

-Roles in control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature

Question 21

Describe the Oculomotor Loop

Answer 21

Posterior parietal and prefrontal -> Caudate (body) -> SNr and GPi -> Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal -> Frontal eye field and supplementary eye field

Question 22

Function of Oculomotor Loop

Answer 22

-Role in saccadic (rapid) eye movement

Question 23

Describe the Associative Loop

Answer 23

Posterior parietal and middle/inferior temporal lobe -> Caudate (head) -> SNr and GPi -> Ventral anterior and Medial Dorsal -> Prefrontal and Premotor

Question 24

Function of Associative Loop

Answer 24

-Role in cognition and executive behavioral functions (ex: strategic planning)

Question 25

Describe the Limbic Loop

Answer 25

-Medial/lateral temporal lobes and Hippocampal formation -> Ventral striatum -> Ventral pallidum and GPI and SNr -> Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal -> anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex

Question 26

Function of Limbic Loop

Answer 26

-Role in motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions

Question 27

Caudate Nucleus buldges into

Answer 27

-Lateral ventricle

Question 28

What does Huntington's Disease do to Basal Ganglia?

Answer 28

-Causes large ventricles due to caudal nucleus being degenerated

Question 29

What does Parkinson's Disease do to Basal Ganglia?

Answer 29

-Subsantria Nigra shows up white and degenerated due to degradation of dopaminergic neurons