Chapter 14 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Question

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 1

 Volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time, usually a minute  Determined by: *Stroke volume (SV) = systolic discharge * Heart rate (HR)  calculation: CO = SV × HR (Know this)

Answer 2

 Influence of autonomic nervous system: *“Fight or flight” response – sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine; stroke volume and heart rate increase * General anesthesia – parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine; stroke volume and heart rate decrease

Answer 3

ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VENULES VEINS

Answer 4

 transportation!  Carry blood away from the heart * Deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation --Pulmonary circulation * Oxygenated blood throughout the body --Systemic circulation  Usually come in pairs  2 types *Elastic *Aorta is largest elastic artery - ---The major artery of the systemic circulation, it receives blood from the left ventricle. * Muscular *Arterioles are smallest branches of arterial tree

Answer 5

 Exchange  Microscopic blood vessels from branching arterioles - smallest  Occur in groups called capillary beds or networks  Walls are one endothelial cell thick *Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs at this level

Answer 6

 transportation!  Carry blood toward the heart * Oxygenated blood from the lungs ---Pulmonary circulation * Deoxygenated blood and waste materials from throughout the body ---Systemic circulation  Capillaries join together to form venules *Venules join together to form veins  One-way valves and muscular movements  All systemic veins drain into vena cava

Answer 7

 Veins * Carry blood toward the heart * Major veins * Vena cava ---Deoxygenated blood * Pulmonary vein ---Oxygenated blood  Arteries * Carry blood away from the heart * Major arteries * Aorta ---Oxygenated blood * Pulmonary artery ---Deoxygenated blood

Answer 8

 Smooth muscle in walls of most blood vessels  Constriction and relaxation allows the vascular system to direct blood to different regions of the body under different circumstances

Answer 9

 Measurement of the amount of pressure that flowing blood exerts on arterial walls  Dependent upon interactions with: * Heart rate *Stroke volume * Diameter and elasticity of the artery * Total blood volume  Varies during the cardiac cycle *Systolic blood pressure = highest number - the force by which blood is ejected from the left ventricle during systole. * Diastolic blood pressure = lowest number * Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = average pressure during one cardiac cycle

Answer 10

 Fetus receives oxygen from the blood of its mother * Lungs not used for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange * Lungs need only enough blood to keep growing tissues alive  Oxygen received from mother’s placenta * Through the umbilical vein  After first breath after birth * Lungs inflate and newborn oxygenates its own blood * Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close so that blood no longer bypasses the lungs

Answer 11

 Cephalic vein: cranio-medial aspect of forelimb  Femoral (medial saphenous) vein: medial aspect of hind limb  Saphenous: lateral aspect of hind limb

Answer 12

*Ventral aspect of each side of the neck in the jugular groove * Close to the carotid arteries * Care must be taken to avoid accidental injection into the carotid artery

Answer 13

Located in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum. -surrounded by a sac called the pericardium (two layers) ---outer fibrous pericardium ----- Attached to diaphragm --- inner serous pericardium ---- Visceral and parietal layer --- pericardial fluid- lubricates heart -Myocardium is the muscle of the heart (most of heart's mass) ---lining inside of myocardium is the endocardium -Cardiac muscle cells are called myocytes. ---Myocytes are connected to each other with intercalated disks and desmosomes.

Answer 14

Two dorsal chambers closer to the spine - atria Two ventral chambers closer to the sternum - ventricles In most domestic animal -- heart sits slightly skewed so the right ventricle and right atrium sit slightly cranial to the left ventricle and left atrium. -- Chambers of animals' hearts are given the same names as those in people. (left ventricle, right ventricle, left atria, right atria)

Answer 15

Receive blood from large veins Force blood (by one way valves) into ventricles Smaller and less muscular than the ventricles Divided by interatrial septum Identified by auricles

Answer 16

Force blood, through one-way valves, into arteries - Right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary circulation through the artery. ---- Rt ventricle wall is thinner - Left ventricle pumps lood into systemic circulation through the aorta Together form the atrioventricular septum interventricular septum

Answer 17

Small pouches on atria that look like ear flaps

Answer 18

cords of fibrous tissue that anchor the tips of the flaps to papillary muscles,

Answer 19

The cardiac skeleton consists of four rings of dense connective tissue that surround the AV canals (mitral and tricuspid) and extend to the origins of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, providing structure and support for the heart as well as electrical isolation between the atria and the ventricles.

Answer 20

Two separate circulatory systems -systemic circulation: all cells of the body --- Left side of heart -pulmonary circulation: blood supply that goes to the lungs --- Right side of heart- systemic circulation. Blood to the body

Answer 21

1. Right atrium 2. Tricuspid valve 3. Right ventricle – pumps deoxygenated blood up into the pulmonary arteries 4. Pulmonary valve 5. Pulmonary arteries bifurcate going to each lung with deoxygenated blood – they are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood 6. Pulmonary arterioles 7. Capillaries of the lungs where blood becomes oxygenated – CO2 is given off to lungs and O2 brought into capillaries 8. Venules 9. Pulmonary veins - 2 from each lung – they are the only veins in the body carrying oxygenated blood. All four of these pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium 10.Left atrium 11.Mitral valve 12.Left ventricle (aka “work horse”) – it is a lot thicker than the right ventricle because it has to pump oxygenated blood to every cell in the body 13.Aortic valve – located between the left ventricle and aorta 14.Aorta – bifurcates; one part going to the anterior part of the body and one going to the posterior part of the body. The descending aorta bifurcates into many arteries with 120/80 blood pressure. 15.Arteries – which bifurcate into lots of arterioles 16.Arterioles 17.Tissue capillaries – this is where blood becomes deoxygenated because all of the oxygen leaves the capillaries to go into the cells of the animal’s body 18.Venules 19.Veins – veins come together until we have the caudal vena cava and cranial vena cava 20.Caudal and Cranial vena cava 21.Right atrium – starts again – go back to number 1

Answer 22

Blood returns to heart through the pulmonary vein from lungs - empties into the left atrium. Contraction of the left atrium pushes blood ---through mitral valve into the left ventricle, Left ventricle contracts ---- pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta Blood moves into systemic circulation.

Answer 23

*electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium affect the ability of the cardiac cells—especially the SA and AV nodes—to initiate autonomous electrical activity. *Several nerves can speed up or slow down the heart rate by stimulating the SA node to increase or decrease the pacemaker's rate of firing. *Hormones can also alter the rate and strength of cardiac contractions.

Answer 24

Electrical signals begin in the right atrium -in the SA node ----Channels of SA Node change electrical charges as they transport sodium, calcium, and potassium in or out of the cell. ---The changes in the electrical current generate an electrical current that's then transmitted through atrial muscle fibers -----a relatively slow process. The process continues more quickly along, called internodal pathway --- this carries the signal throughout the right and left atria. --- atrial muscle fibers contract as the electrical impulse reaches them ---The internodal pathways carry the signal to the AV node. Electrical impulses are slowed as they move through the AV node. -the atria empty into the ventricles ventricles are signaled to contract. ---the atrioventricular (AV) bundle conducts the signal into the ventricles. After entering the ventricles, ---AV bundle branches out into right and left Purkinje fibers traveling through the right and left ventricles. The signal is carried rapidly to the apex of the heart Purkinje fibers branch out into the ventricular muscle. ---ventricular contraction at the apex of the heart causes the ventricle to contract in the ventral-to-dorsal direction --- blood is squeezed up to the base from the apex. --- blood exits each ventricle through the appropriate artery

Answer 25

fibers within the atrial wall -connection between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node in the right atrium of the heart.

Answer 26

The contraction phase of the heartbeat that occurs as the current travels around the heart

Answer 27

All cells that undergo polarization must undergo repolarization (where the electrolytes' differences across the cell membrane return to normal) before the next depolarization can occur. During repolarization, the cardiac muscle cells relax, and the chambers enlarge and fill with blood

Answer 28

tiny vessels that form a network to supply blood to the body's tissues Essentially, the capillary wall is composed only of endothelial cells. Capillaries allow the exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the cells of that tissue Branch out from arterioles Eventually, the capillaries fuse together to join the venous side of the capillary bed.

Answer 29

in which multiple veins from the intestines collectively join together and form the portal vein. The portal vein empties into the liver, where the blood is filtered and detoxified. Blood from the liver is drained by the hepatic vein, which empties into the caudal vena cava.

Answer 30

The most important difference between fetal circulation and mature circulation is that the fetal lungs are shrunken, collapsed, and empty of air; therefore, they don't function. Because the lungs are incapable of gas exchange, the fetus relies on the placenta, the membrane attaching the fetus to the mother's uterus, for gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange. Blood is carried from the fetus by the umbilical arteries to the placenta, where the fetal blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and wastes and picks up oxygen and nutrients. Blood from the placenta is carried via the umbilical vein through the liver and to the right atrium.

Answer 31

A feature of fetal circulation - a hole between the left and right atria of the heart. This hole exists before birth, but most often closes shortly after being born.

Answer 32

A feature of fetal circulation - an opening connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, so blood pumped from the right ventricle travels from the pulmonary artery into the aorta, again bypassing the lungs.

Answer 33

Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium). Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. Cardiac veins then drain away the blood after it has been deoxygenated.

Answer 34

conduct electrical impulses within cardiac muscle

Answer 35

atrioventricular node -Gateway through which electrical impulses pass located between an atrium and a ventricle. right AV valve is the tricuspid valve left AV valve is the mitral valve.

Answer 36

Sinoatrial Node - where normal electrical impulses in the heart originate. - also called cardiac pacemaker -located upper wall of right atrium

Answer 37

The heart chamber that receives blood from the large veins. Right atrium receives blood from the vena cava left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein.

Answer 38

The “wall” of myocardium that separates the left and right atria of the heart.

Answer 39

The space in the thorax between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and major blood vessels

Answer 40

Another name (based on their halfmoon shapes) for the pulmonary and aortic valves.

Answer 41

The fat-filled groove on the outside of the heart that corresponds to the location of the interventricular septum.

Answer 42

Supplies blood to the head

Answer 43

ventricles drops lower than the pressure in the arteries they supply.

Answer 44

The preload is the amount of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium;

Answer 45

**Physical resistance by artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

Answer 46

Dog- Femoral artery Cat- femoral artery Cow- coccygeal artery or facial artery Horse - mandibular artery or posterior digital artery Sheep - femoral artery Pig - coccygeal artery Piglet - femoral artery

Answer 47

▪ Auscultation of the thorax to determine heart rate and rhythm, and to detect heart murmurs ▪ Periphery artery palpation to evaluate rate, regularity, and strength of pulse ▪ Measurement of arterial blood pressure to evaluate cardiac output ▪ Thoracic radiography to evaluate the size and position of the heart ▪ Electrocardiography to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart