Chapter 14 - Energy Generatioln In Mitochondria And Chloropast Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
What is the the formula for cellular respiration
A
Glucose + 6O2 ———-> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
2
Q
In cellular respiration what has more energy
A
Reactants
3
Q
What is oxidized in cellular respiration and two what?
A
Glucose to CO2
4
Q
What loses electrons in cellular respiration
A
Glucose
5
Q
What is reduced in cellular respiration and to what
A
Oxygen to water
6
Q
What loses electrons in cellular respiration
A
Oxygen
7
Q
In humans, majority of ATP comes from
A
Mitochondria
8
Q
What type of reaction is cellular respiration
A
Catabolic, exergonic
9
Q
What process is catabolic
A
Cellular respiration
10
Q
An example of an exergonic reaction
A
Cell respiration
11
Q
What kind of process is photosynthesis
A
Anabolic, endergonic
12
Q
What process is anabolic
A
Photosynthesis
13
Q
An example of an endergonic reaction
A
Photosynthesis
14
Q
What is unique to glycolysis in relation to oxygen
A
Glycolysis can happen in the absence or presence of oxygen.
15
Q
Aerobic respiration begins with what
A
Glycolysis
16
Q
Glycolysis without the presence of oxygen is called what
A
Fermentation
17
Q
During glycolysis, 1 glucose turns into what
A
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP
18
Q
How can humans get the glucose to start cellular respiration
A
Polysaccharides; simple sugars
19
Q
Glycolysis is what type of process, exergonic or endergonic
A
Exergonic
20
Q
Where does glycolysis happen
A
Cytosol
21
Q
What are the three steps of cellular respiration
A
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric acid cycle
22
Q
Pyruvate oxidation starts with what
A
2 pyruvate
23
Q
Pyruvate oxidation yields with what
A
2 acetyl CoA
2 NADH
2 CO2
24
Q
Pyruvate oxidation needs what in order to happen
A
Oxygen
25
What is another name for the citric acid cycle
Krebs cycle or TCA
26
What does TCA stand for
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
27
TCA cycle is what kind of process, exergonic or endergonic
Exergonic
28
TCA cycle starts with
2 acetyl CoA
29
What is the products of the TCA cycle
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP that yields 2 ATP
30
What is the stage 1 in aerobic respiration
Breakdown of large food molecules got simple subunits
31
What is stage 2 of aerobic respiration
Breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA; limited amounts of ATP and NADH produced
32
What is stage 3 of aerobic respiration
Complete oxidation of acetyl group in acetyl CoA to water and co2; large amounts of ATP produced of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
33
Proteins break down into amino acids by
Proteases
34
Amino acids must go through what to undergo cellular respiration
Deaminatioln
35
Amino acids must go through deamination to undergo cellular respiration, what is that
Loses NH2 group
36
Fats turn into fatty acids and glycerol by
Lipase
37
Where do we break down lipids
Small intestine
38
Fatty oxidation occurs where
Mitochondria matrix of eukaryotes
39
What is the purpose of fatty oxidation
Fatty acids, NAD+, FAD to produce acetyl CoA and NADH and FADH2
40
What is sucrose made of
Glucose and fructose
41
What is maltose made of
Glucose and glucose
42
Lactose is made up of
Glucose and galactose
43
Nucleases
DNase and RNase
44
Nucleic acids turn into nucleotides by
Nucleases
45
NADH stands for
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
46
NADH AND FADH2, what is the importance
Electron carriers that delivers high energy electrons to the ETC
47
What is the reduced form for NAD+
NADH
48
What is the reduced form for FAD+
FADH2
49
FADH2 stands for
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
50
Where are the electron carriers, NADH AND FADH2 embedded
Inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells
Plasma membrane of bacteria
51
Proton pumps are used for
Harness the energy of electron transfer to pump H, creating electrochemical proton gradient
52
What is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase
Proton pumps
53
Chemiosmosis
Movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase to make chemical energy such as ATP
54
Proton pumps from the mitochondria matrix to the inner membrane space, what is true
Moves up their electrochemical gradient, using active transport
55
ATP Synthase
Transmembrane protein act as enzyme and H channel by moving H from inner membrane space to the mitochondria matrix down their concentration gradient using facilitated diffusion.
56
Chemiosmotic coupling
Mechanism in which gradient of protons across the membrane is used to drive ATP production
57
What is unique about mitochondria
Contain own DNA and ribosomes
58
What allows the position of the mitochondria to vary
Between cell types depending on where the majority of ATP is needed
59
In heart muscle cells, mitochondria are located close to where
Contractile apparatus
60
How is mitochondria related to the heart
ATP Hydrolysis proves the energy for contraction
61
In sperm, mitochondria are located where
In the tail, wrapped around portion of the motile flagellum
62
What is the 4 main structures that makes up the mitochondria
Matrix
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Inter membrane space
63
Mitochondria matrix pH is
7.9
64
Mitochondria membrane pH is
7.2
65
Electrons for chemiosmosis are derived from
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Fatty acid oxidation
66
Glycolysis produces what electron carrier(s)
2 NADH
67
Pyruvate oxidation produce what electron carrier(s)
2 NADH
68
Fatty acid oxidation happens where
Mitochondria matrix
69
Fatty acid oxidation produces what electron carrier(s)
Both NADH and FADH2
70
Citric acid cycle produces what electron carrier(s)
Both NADH AND FADH2
71
NADH and FADH2 donates electrons to where
ETC (inner mitochondrial membrane)
72
NADH and FADH2 becomes what after donating their electrons to ETC
Oxidized to NAD+ and FAD
73
Do the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 carry high or low electrons
High energy
74
How does proton pumps generate energy within the ETC
Passage of electrons along the ETC releases energy that is used
75
When pumping electrons in the ETC, which way does electrons move, and relating the the gradients
Moved from mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space up their electrochemical gradients
76
The resulting electrochemical proton gradient is used for what
To power ATP synthase to make ATP
77
What is the final electron acceptor in the cellular respiration? What does it produce
Oxygen (O2), water when it receives the electrons
78
Oxidation phosphorylation occurs where
Inner mitochondrial matrix
79
Obligate anaerobes produce ATP in the absence of what? How do they do this
O2, by using CO2, nitrate, sulfate, or inorganic metal as final electron acceptor
80
Methanogens
Anaerobic archae which uses CO2 as final electron acceptor reducing it to methane
81
What step yields the most ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
82
Oxidative phosphorylation includes what
ETC and chemiosmosis
83
Oxidative phosphorylation
The chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis, which involves both the consumption of O2 and the addition of phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
84
In order for substrate level phosphorylation to work, it requires
Kinases
85
What is another way to make ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Substrate phosphorylation
86
Where does substrate phosphorylation occurs
Cytoplasm or inside mitochondrial matrix
87
Substrate phosphorylation
Phosphate group is enzymatically transferred from phosphorylated organic substrate to ADP to make ATP
88
What are three respiratory enzyme complexes
NADH dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome c reductase complex, and cytochrome c oxidase complex
89
Electrons are passed from one respiratory complex to the next by what? What are they?
Mobile electron carriers
Ubiquionone and cytochrome c
90
The total electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane consist of
A large and small force
91
What is the large force due to in the ETC
Membrane potential (voltage gradient)
92
What is the small force due to
H+ concentration gradient
93
In the inter membrane space, what is the charge
Positive
94
In the matrix space what is the charge
Negative
95
ATP synthase makes more than how many molecules of ATP per sec
100/sec
96
When protons passes through the narrow channel what happens to ATP synthase
Make ATP in the mitochondrial matrix
97
ATPase head faces
Mitochondrial matrix
98
F0 rotor of ATP synthase faces
Inner membrane space
99
ATP synthase can convert the energy of the electrochemical proton gradient into what
Chemical bond energy or vice versa
100
How can ATP synthase synthesize ATP by
By harnessing the H+ gradient
101
How can ATP synthase hydrolyzing ATP
Pump protons against their electrochemical gradient ``
102
ATP hydrolysis by ATP synthase is often used by what
Bacteria
103
Electrochemical proton gradient: its voltage gradient drives what
The pumping of ADP in and ATP out by antiport process
104
Electrochemical proton gradient: pH gradient drives the import of what
Pyruvate and Pi into the mitochondria matrix by symport process
105
The complete oxidation of glucose generated about how many ATPs
30
106
Inside the mitochondria matrix, 1 NADH generates how many ATPs and by how
2.5 ATP
By passing its electrons to all three respiratory enzyme complexes
107
In cytosol, 1 NADH generates how many ATP and how
1.5 ATPs because transport of NADH across the inner membrane requires energy
108
Inside the mitochondrial matrix, 1 FADH2 generates how many ATP and by how
1.5 ATPs
By passing electrons to the 2nd and 3rd complexes
109
Prokaryotes or eukaryotes produce more ATP and why
Prokaryotes because they lack mitochondria. They don’t need to use ATP to transport from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria
110
How many molecules does prokaryotes make.
32 ATP molecules
111
What donates high energy electrons
NADH/NAD+
112
What electron carrier has a low affinity for electrons
NADH/NAD+
113
What accepts low energy electrons
Oxygen/H2O
114
What has an high affinity for electrons
O2
115
Ubiquinone
Small hydrophobic non protein molecule in the membrane, which accepts both H+ (protons) and electrons
116
Ubiquinone picks up electrons indirectly from where? Directly from? Where are the electrons transported after
NADH dehydrogenase indirectly
FADH2 directly
Cytochrome C reductase complex
117
Flavin does what with electrons
Accept and transfer electrons
118
Flavin receives electrons from ______ while iron sulfur center donates them to ________
NADH, ubiquinone
119
Cytochromes
Proteins with one or more heme groups
120
Each cytochromes heme group contains what? Why is this important
Iron atoms, this is important because that is what electrons bind to
121
What is true about cytochromes electron affinity
It is higher than any other electron carriers
122
Cytochromes does what with electrons
Accepts and donates
123
Cytochrome C Oxidase complex
Proteins complex that receives electrons from cytochrome c and donates them to O2
124
What happens with cytochrome c oxidase complex when it pumps
4 electrons pass through the proteins to its bound O2 molecules, causing it to pump four protons across the membrane
125
NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase complex is driven through what
3 conformations: A, B, and C
126
Confirmation A and B has what? What does this mean
High affinity for protons meaning it picks up protons from the mitochondria
127
Conformation C has what? What’s does this mean
Has low affinity for protons causing it to release H+ into the inter membrane space
128
Mitochondria is capable of what
Fission and fussion
129
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Process of making ATP in absence of oxgyen
130
Where does lactic acid fermentation happen at
Happens in cytosol
131
What type of cells does lactic acid happen in
Skeletal muscle cells
132
What is the final electron acceptor
Pyruvate
133
Ethanol fermentation occurs where
Cytoplasm of the yeast
134
What is the final electron acceptor in ethanol fermentation
Acetaldehyde
135
In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced or oxidized? And to what?
Reduced, lactose
136
In ethanol fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced or oxidized? To what?
Reduced to ethanol
137
Facultative anaerobes
Produce ATP in the absence or presence of O2
138
What types of cells are facultative anaerobes
Skeletal muscle cells
Also yeast
139
Majority of our cells are what kind of cells?
Obligate aerobes
140
Obligate aerobes
Produce ATP only when O2 is present
141
Cellular respiration is what kind of reaction
Catabolic, exergonic
142
Photosynthesis is what type of reaction
Anabolic, endergonic
143
Photosynthesis happens where
In chloroplast
144
Thylakoids are surrounded by
Thylakoids membranes
145
Stage 1 of photosynthesis - light reactions happens where? What is needed for this reaction to happen
Thylakoids membrane, sunlight
146
Stage 2 of photosynthesis - light independent (Calvin cycle) happens where
Outside of thylakoids, in stroma
147
Calvin cycle needs sunlight?
No
148
Why does light reaction require sunlight
Energy from the sunlight excites electrons, which are then donated to ETC in the thylakoid membrane
149
Light reaction in what kind of process
Exergonic
150
How are electrons replenished in light reaction
Oxidation of water to O2
151
In light reactions, ATP is produced by
Chemiosmosis
152
What electron carrier is made in light reactions
NADPH
153
In light dependent reactions or carbon fixation reactions, how do plants synthesize sugars from CO2
Use ATP and NADPH
154
What is a direct product of carbon fixation reaction
G3P, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
155
Light energy is captured by what
Photosystems
156
Photosystems
Chlorophyll molecules held in large multi proteins complexes
157
Where are photosystems found
Thylakoid membrane
158
Do chlorophyll molecules donate electrons
No
159
Do chlorophyll special pair donate electrons
Yes
160
Where can ETC be found?
Mitochondria and chloroplast
161
Where does chemiosmosis happen
Mitochondria and chloroplast
162
Both photosystems does what
Capture light energy that excites electrons
163
Photosystem II does what
Uses energy from electrons to make ATP
164
What is the pH of the stroma
8
165
What is the pH of thylakoid membrane
6
166
H+ concentration is higher where
In the thylakoid membrane
167
What is the mobile electron carrier in plants that passes from photosystem II to Cytochrome b6-f complex
Plastoquionone
168
Describe ATP synthase that is found in plants
Proton channel that moves H ion from thylakoid space to the stroma,
169
In ATP synthase in plants, H ions move
Down their concentration gradient using facilitated diffusion
170
Cytochrome B6-f
Proton pump that pumps H ions from stroma to the thylakoid space up their electrochemical gradient using active transport
171
Photosystem I
Uses energy from electrons to make NADPH from NADP+
172
How many mobile carriers in photosynthesis
3
173
Ferredoxin (Fd)
Protein with iron sulfur center
174
What is true about electrons carried by Fd
Have more energy carried by Q, which is more energy carried by PC
175
What enzyme does photosystem II have
Water splitting enzyme
176
Water splitting enzyme
In Photosystems II, that catalyzes the extraction of electrons from water
177
What is the final electron acceptor in light reactions of photosynthesis
NADP+
178
Which electrons are donated? Why?
High energy electrons because they are unstable
179
Plastocyanin
Copper base protein
180
What are the three steps to the light independent reactions
Carbon fixation
Sugar formation
Regeneration of Ribulose
181
What is needed for the Calvin cycle to happen
Rubisco
182
Where is rubisco found
In stroma
183
Carbon fixation
Happens in light independent reactions
184
C3 pathway is another name for
Calvin cycle
185
In order for Calvin cycle to make 1 mol of glucose, what is needed?
- 6 CO2
- 18 ATP
- 12 NADPH
186
What makes plants different than animal, what can they carry out?
Plants can carry out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
187
What do Both plants and animal cells have that makes ATP, what organelles
Mitochondria and chloroplast
188
_____ make glycogen, _____ make starches
Animal, plant
189
photoautotrophs
Requires light to make their own food
190
What type of organisms carry out cellular respiration
Photoautotrophs and heterotrophs
191
What organism carry out only photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs
192
Dark reactions is what type of process
Endergonic
