Chapter 14 - Environmental and Policy approach to promote PA Flashcards
difference btw
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
in relation to PA
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
- man-made structures that influence opportunities for PA
- positive: sidewalks
- negative highways
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
- build structures as well as other physical supports or barriers to being physically active in the natural environment
how is health related to the physical environment? (4)
- quality of water and air
- types of housing
- roads
- safety issues
- approaches used to promote PA = initiatives to improve what?
- approaches focuses on what? vs what?
- initiatives to improve public health!
- directly affects organizations and physical structures, rather than individuals –> to reach more people and have longer-term results
*involves many sectors outside of healthcare system
define ACCESS
- dictionary
- vs PA and public health view
DICTIONARY:
- refers to the right to approach or use something
PA and PH:
- enhances access to places that promote PA
- evidence-based strategy for increasing PA and exercise in a community
what are 2 types of accesses? + describe
- the first one can be measured in 2 ways
- geographic access:
- features of built environment in a neighbourhood
- measured in 2 ways:
a) availability (ie number of parks nearby)
b) accessibility (ease of reaching the park) - economic access: having the means to get into certain parks/courts (ie entrance fee)
is simply building new places to be active enough? why or why not?
NOT enough!
- need to be supplemented with informational outreaches!
- outreaches must be appropriate and targeted to let people know about the existence of these new areas to be more physically active
what are 3 ish benefits of increase access?
- effectiveness of having more access to ares that promote PA have been seen in which populations (3)
- physiological and behavioural aspects are in favor of increased PA in studies with increased access
- calorie expenditure should increase by 8% + cardiorespiratory fitness should increase by 5% on average for ppl with increased access to environments for PA
- low-income communities
- various racial and ethnic groups
- men and women –> seem to respond equally well for increasing active lifestyles
what is another way that PA can be influenced (apart from increasing access fo environments for PA?)
- evidence based?
- 2 main goals
- by build and physical environment (ie urban design (?)) –> separate constructs but frequently combined
- no evidence based recipe for perfect urban design or land-use elements –> many strategies have been shown to work + community dependent
GOAL is always:
1. maximize PA options
2. minimize risk of danger while being active
what are 2 main categories of land use policies? + explain
- MANAGEMENT, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAND
- usually at local level to advance the well-being of community that controls land - ZONING:
- commonly used in term that is synonymous with legislatively determined land-use policy
define urban design
- used in what (4 + 3 ish)
- why necessary for increasing PA?
form, function and outward appearance of the physical environment
USED in:
- neighbourhoods
- towns
- cities
- communities –> municipal parks, street design for pedestrian safety, recreation center design and placement within a community
- adequate urban design is necessary for proper access to built environment ressources to increase PA
what are 2 scales of urban design?
- community-scale
- street scale
- define community-scale urban design
- goal?
- how (5 ish)
- changes to the physical and built environment of large urban areas
- goal = strive to make entire community more amenable to PA
1. connecting transportation arteries
2. creating landscaping and lighting to enhance aesthetics and perceived safety of community
3. tax incentives for developers to build sidewalks and walking trails in new developments
4. implementing community wide programs that encourage bicycling
5. designing residential areas! –> ensure that final destinations are within safe walking or bicycling distances (ie workplaces, schools, areas for leisure and recreation) –> would this change your method of travel?
community-scale urban design
- what are the PA outcomes?
- 2 constructs to measure?
- physical and built environments can improve levels of PA an avg of more than 160% –> major influencer of PA habits in community
1. connectivity: how easy it is to get from one place to another in a given neighbourhood
2. walkability: how easy it is to walk as transportation based on elements of the built environment
what are 3 benefits of community scale urban design?
- higher green space to encourage PA
- greater sense of community
- lower crime rates
*all positive outcomes that may help advocacy efforts for more PA friendly communities
define street scale urban design
- generally limited to what?
- outcome?
- benefits?
- changes to the built and physical environment in smaller geographic areas
- limited to a few blocks
- neighbourhoods become more livable + amenable to a variety of PA opportunities
- with appropriate street scale changes –> PA can be expected to increase by 35%
*changes depend on neighbourhood that is targeted –> lots of variability + no specific guidelines for success
what are 3 strategies for street scale urban design?
- enhancements for pedestrians –> market street crossing areas + pedestrian bridges over multilane highway
- traffic calming strategies –> traffic circles, stoplights, speed bumps
- safety strategies –> bicycle lanes, repair of broken windows and graffiti (increases safety and improves aesthetics)
why is i important to measure the built environment (3)
- due to importance of built environment in PA promotion
- important to determine baseline for comparison
- important to determine effectiveness of changes made
why is it difficult to measure/compare different built environments?
- geography
- culture
- socioeconomic status
*all contribute to overall PA
what are 3 ways to measure the built environment?
- self-reported measures of perception of environment
- direct observation techniques
- secondary analyses techniques –> use existing data sets and geographic information systems
how to conduct self-reported measures of perception of environment?
- assess what? (6)
- delivery methods? (5 ish)
- through questionnaires that assess perceptions of environmental supports or barriers to PA (community or street-scale)
- assess traffic, aesthetics, urban design, safety, crime, availability of local PA resources
- interviews (telephone or in person), internet surveys, mail survey, email survey
what are 2 benefits + 3 ish drawbacks of self-report?
BENEFITS
- able to gather a lot of information from a large population (quantitative and qualitative)
- relatively inexpensive to administer (can be used in large populations)
DRAWBACKS:
- respondents may over- or underestimate aspects of environment based on their personal situation or health status –> subjective data
- less active ppl may be not aware of built environment resources in their area so might report it as low, which might be false
- lack of agreement of what constitutes a neighbourhood
studies relying on self-report often ask respondents to identify the PA resources in their neighbourhoods
- what is a neighbourhood?
no agreements of what exactly constitues a neighbourhood
- variability introduces substantial uncertainty into assessment techniques and to make comparisons among studies very difficule
what is a direct observation technique to measure built and physical environment?
- used to minimize what?
- quantifies what? (4 examples
audits! (objective and direct measure/observation of built environment)
- used to minimize bias of self-report
- quantifies aspects of built environments at community and street levels that can be OBSERVED!
ie completeness of sidewalks, noise and traffic level, presence of abandoned or unsafe buildings, cleanliness and usability of parks and park equipment
what are the 2 benefits of audits + 2 drawbacks?
BENEFITS
- more standardized
- less prone to respondent bias
DRAWBACKS
- more expensive to administer
- personnel needed to collect and enter data for analysis and interpretation –> training personnel to collect audit data is crucial + need to standardize terms and observation techniques to reduce variability of observations
