Chapter 14 Hormones Flashcards

Question

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 1

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as glycerol or amino acids

Answer 2

Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Diet- intake of carbohydrate sources, absorbed in the small intestine Respiration- uses up cell glucose, take in blood glucose Rate of absorption of glucose for cells

Answer 3

70-100mg / 100cm3

Answer 4

Decrease in blood glucose detected by alpha cells Secrete glucagon- initiate measures. Paracrine, stops beta cells Back to normal Increase in blood glucose detected by beta cells Secrete insulin, paracrine, stops alpha cells Back to normal

Answer 5

Increases absorption of glucose into cells by causing changes in tertiary structure of glucose transport proteins Increase respiration of cells, use up glucose Increase glycogenesis Inhibit alpha cells, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, negative feedback

Answer 6

Insulin- all body cells Glucagon- liver (hepatocytes) and fat cells

Answer 7

Increases glycogenolysis Increases gluconeogenesis Decreases absorption of glucose back into cells Inhibits Beta cells, glycogenesis, negative feedback

Answer 8

1) Glucagon binds to its complementary G Protein Coupled Receptor, causing a tertiary change in the receptor 2) Conformational change promotes GDP to GTP with coupled G protein 3) Binding of GTP to G protein causes a conformational change, leading to the dissociation of its subunits. 4) The subunits interact with Adenyl Cyclase. This promotes and CATALYSES the conversion of ATP into cAMP. 5) cAMP activates proteins like Protein Kinase A, PKA. 6) PKA phosphorylates enzymes and other molecules such as transcription factors responsible for glycogenolysis. Cell response elicited.

Answer 9

1) With normal blood glucose concentrations, Potassium channels are open, and K+ ions diffuse of the cell. R.P = -70mv. ADP higher than ATP 2) When the blood glucose conc. rises, glucose enters the cell via glucose transport proteins (normally a low affinity) 3.) Glucose is metabolised at the mitochondria, meaning there is greater ATP than ADP. 4.) ATP binds to the ATP Sensitive Potassium channels, causing them to shut 5.) K+ can no longer diffuse out. -30mV. Depolarisation occurs. 6.) As a result, the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, allowing Ca2+ ions to diffuse in. 7.) Ca2+ ions bind to the motor proteins causing conformational changes, allowing them to move secretory vesicles containing insulin to move to the cell surface membrane, to leave via exocytosis.

Answer 10

1) Insulin binds to a Tyrosine Kinase Receptor, complementary to the hormone. This receptor has intrinsic enzyme activity. 2) The corresponding enzyme phosphorylates signalling molecules, activating them. 3.) These molecules then move vesicles containing glut-transporters to the cell surface membrane, increasing diffusion of glucose into the cell. 4.) Further mechanisms are initiated for glycogenesis and increasing respiration

Answer 11

Condition where the pancreas is unable to produce insulin. ONLY BETA CELLS damaged, but alpha cells not functioning. Likely caused by an autoimmune response targeting pancreatic cells. Incurable, but treated with regular insulin injections, checking blood glucose conc regularly and apparently glucagon?

Answer 12

Condition where the cells cannot effectively use insulin or not enough insulin is produced. Could be due to glycoprotein not function correctly Risk factors include obesity, age, and a sedentary lifestyle. Regulate carbohydrate intake, increase exercise, lose weight Sometimes medicines to decrease glucose uptake , or insulin injections

Answer 13

Originally from the pancreas of cows/pigs upon slaughtering but their was the risk of allergic reactions Now isolation of gene for insulin in humans isolated, and genetically engineered into bacteria. Pure. Produced in high quantities. Cheaper. And less ethical concerns. But can be difficult to use and side effects like hardening of skin.

Answer 14

Totipotent stem cells, either differentiate before and inject, or insert and induce pathways, to turn into beta cells Only a few cells needed to replicate later Could be from 'spare' embryos, or umbilical cords Unlimited source. Low risk of rejection. No need for insulin. But ethical concerns and side effects may still be unknown.

Answer 15

Adrenaline diffuses out of the bloodstream and binds to its glycoprotein receptor on the cell surface membrane of a cell The shape of the glycoprotein receptor is complementary to the shape of adrenaline

Answer 16

It is not lipid based / is polypeptide based So a non-steroid hormone, which binds to its glycoprotein receptor Cell signalling Produces a secondary messenger within the cell to elicit a response

Answer 17

Completed lines Annotations parallel to x axis Only label what you see, with some annotiations Colours of what you see A good size Scale and scale bar Title and schedule scientific name Magnification

Answer 18

When you are comparing the means of two pieces of data

Answer 19

Less impacted by anomalies Takes into account all data values

Answer 20

Type of diabetes Age, Gender Baseline blood glucose conc How effective a treatments been- how can this be measured

Answer 21

As steroid alter transcription of genes, longer lasting effect, but usually take longer to initiate Non-steroid for faster response but short lived, continually generated e.g insulin

Chapter 14 Hormones Flashcards

(45 cards)