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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 14: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

attached to bones
Striated, voluntary, limited capacity to regenerate

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2
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

wall of the heart
Striated, involuntary, with stem cells to regenerate cardiac muscle

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3
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

located in viscera: participates in internal processes such as digestion and regulation of blood pressure
Non-striated, involuntary, with good ability to regenerate

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4
Q

What is whole muscle made of?

A

A whole muscle is made up of many muscle fibers

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5
Q

Where are muscle fibers arranged in?

A

Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called fascicles

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6
Q

Where are many fascicles in?

A

They are inside of whole muscle

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7
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Connective tissue surrounds and protects

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8
Q

What does hypodermis do?

A

separates muscle tissue from skin
allows a pathway for nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels to enter and exit muscles

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9
Q

What is Fascia and what do they do?

A

Fascia is dense irregular connective tissue and it surrounds organs of the body and muscles

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10
Q

What does Fascia allow for us?

A

It allows free movement of the muscle, carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, and fills spaces between muscles

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11
Q

What are 3 layers of Fascia?

A
  1. Epimysium = surrounds entire muscle
  2. Perimysium = surrounds fascicles
  3. Endomysium = surrounds individual muscle fibre
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12
Q

Where do 3 layers of Fascia extend?

A

The three together extend beyond a muscle as a tendon

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13
Q

How do muscles attached to bones?

A

Muscles are attached to bones by tendons (dense connective tissue)

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14
Q

What does blood supply do for us?

A

blood supply needed for muscle contraction, plus the following:ATP (adenosine triphosphate), Nutrients, Oxygen

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15
Q

What accompanies each nerve that penetrates a skeletal muscle?

A

one artery and two veins

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16
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue composed of?

A

Muscle Fibers, Myofibrils, Plasma membrane – sarcolemma, Transverse Tubules (T tubules), Sarcoplasmic Reticulum– Ca2+ storage site

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17
Q

What is origin of muscle movement?

A

Attachment point to bone but do not move during contraction

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18
Q

What is insertion of muscle movement?

A

Attachment point to bone that is movable

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19
Q

What is agonist (prime mover) of muscle movement?

A

Produces desired action

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20
Q

What is Antagonist of muscle movement?

A

Produces an opposite action

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21
Q

What is synergist of muscle movement?

A

assists the prime mover

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22
Q

What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Occipital frontalis Frontal belly?

A

Origin: Epicranial aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin superior to orbit
Action: Raises eyebrows

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23
Q

What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Occipital frontalis occipital belly?

A

Origin: Occipital and temporal bone
Insertion: Epicranial aponeurosis
Action: Draws scalp backward

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24
Q

What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Massester

A

Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Mandible
Action: Elevate mandible-chewing

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25
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Tempolaris
Origin: Temporal bone Insertion: Mandible Action: Elevate and retract mandible-chewing
26
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: Manubrium and clavicle Insertion: Occipital bone and mastoid process Action: Flexes and rotates head
27
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Pectoralis major?
Origin: Medial clavicle and sternum Insertion: Humerus Action: Adducts humerus-push ups and move straight arm to midline & Medial roation of shoulder-Arm wrestling
28
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Pectoralis minor?
Origin: Ribs 3-5 Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula Action: Elevate ribs-forced inspiration & pull scapula forward and down
29
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Rectus abdominus?
Origin:Pubic symphysis Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5-7 & Xiphoid process Action: Flexes vertebral column aids in-defecation, urination, forced expiration, child-birth
30
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle External oblique?
Origin: Ribs 5-12 Insertion: Linea alba Action: Flexion and rotation of vertebral column
31
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Internal oblique?
Origin: Ilium Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 9-12 Action: Flexion and rotation of vertebral column
32
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Transverse abdominis
Origin: Ilium lumbar fascia Ribs 6-12 Insertion: Xiphoid process and linea alba pubis Action: Compresses abdomen stabilize trunk
33
What are contract muscles for normal inspiration?
Diaphragm, External intercostals
34
What are relaxation muscles (passive) for normal expiration?
Diaphragm, External intercostals
35
What are contract muscles for forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid (elevate sternum), Pectoralis minor (elevate ribs)
36
What are relaxation muscles for forced expiration?
Internal intercostals Abdominal muscles: Transverse abdominis, Rectus abdominis, Internal oblique, External oblique
37
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle internal intercostal?
Origin: Superior border of each rib Insertion: Inferior border of next rib Action: depress ribs (expiration)
38
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle external intercostal?
Origin: Inferior border of each rib Insertion: superior border of next rib Action: elevate ribs (inspiration)
39
What are origin, insertion, and action for normal inspiration?
Origin: Xiphoid process, cartilage of ribs 6-12 and lumbar vertebrae Insertion: Central tendon Action: Contraction causes it to flatten; increase size of thoracic cavity (inspiration) Relaxation: return to original shpae (expiration)
40
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Supraspinatus?
Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Abduction of arm
41
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Infraspinatus?
Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Lateral rotation of arm
42
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Teres minor?
Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Lateral rotation of arm
43
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Teres major?
Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Extension and adduction of arm
44
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Latissimus dorsi
Origin: Spines of vertebrae T7-L5, sacrum, ilium Insertion: Humerus Action: Extension and adduction of arm
45
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Deltoid
Origin: Clavicle and scapula (Spine) Insertion: Humerus (Deltoid tuberosity) Action:Abduction, flexion, extension, and medial and lateral rotation of arm
46
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle subscapularis
Origin: Scapula Insertion: Humerus Action: Rotates arm medially at shoulder point
47
What do rotator cuff muscles (SITS) do?
They stabilize the shoulder joint
48
What are the muscles for rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis (anterior)
49
What is the action for muscle Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis?
Maintain erect spinal column and head, Lateral flexion of trunk
50
Where is Iliocostalis located?
At lateral
51
Where is Longissimus located?
At intermediate
52
Where is Spinalis located?
At medial
53
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Biceps brachii?
Origin: Long head-superior coracoid process, short head-inferior coracoid process Insertion: Radius Action: Flexion/supination forearm, flexion of arm at shoulder
54
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Brachialis?
Origin:Lower humerus Insertion:Ulna Action:Flexion of forearm
55
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Triceps brachii?
Origin: Lateral posterior scapula Insertion: Ulna Action: Extension of forearm
56
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Psoas major?
Origin: Lumbar vertebrae Insertion: Femur Action: Hip flexion and lateral rotation
57
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Iliacus?
Origin: Ilium Insertion: Femur Action: Hip flexion and lateral rotation
58
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Recturs femoris (quadriceps)?
Origin: Anterior iliac spine Insertion: Tibia (tibial tuberosity, via patellar ligament) Action: Extends the knee, flexes the hip
59
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Vastus laterlais (quadriceps)?
Origin: Proximal femur Insertion: Tibia Action: Extends the knee
60
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Vastus medialis (quadriceps)?
Origin: Proximal femur Insertion: Tibia Action: Extends the knee and adducts thigh
61
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Vatus intermedius (quadriceps)?
Origin: Anterior lateral femur Insertion: Tibia Action: Extend the knee
62
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle sartorius?
Origin:Ilium Insertion: Tibia Action: flexes hip & adducts and laterally rotates thigh
63
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Adductor longus?
Origin: Pubis Insertion: Femur Action: Adducts and laterally rotates femur
64
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Gluteus maximus?
Origin: Posterior ilium, scrum and coccyx Insertion: Iliotibial tract and femur Action: Movements of thigh-Extend, hyperextend, and laterally rotates
65
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Gluteus medius?
Origin: Ilium Insertion: Femur Action: Movements of thigh-abduct and medial rotation
66
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Semitendinosus (Hamstring)?
Origin: Ischium Insertion: Medial tibia Action: Flexes knee and extend thigh
67
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Biceps femoris (Hamstring, long and short heads)?
Origin: Ischium Insertion: Lateral tibia Action: Flexes knee and extend thigh
68
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Seminembranosus (Hamstring)?
Origin: Ischium Insertion: Medial tibia Action: Flexes knee and extend thigh
69
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Soleus?
Origin: Proximal tibia fibula Insertion: Calcaneus (via calcaneal, achilles, tendon) Action: Planter flexion of foot
70
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Gastronemius?
Origin: Distal femur Insertion: Calcaneus Action: Planter flexion of foot, flexion of knee
71
What are origin, insertion, and action for muscle Tibialis anterior?
Origion: Proximal tibia Insertion: First metatarsal Action: Dorsiflexion of foot
72
What are defining characteristics of skeletal muscle?
It is multinucleated. It contains many mitochondria. It has special structures called transverse tubules (T tubules). It has myofibrils and sarcomeres
73
What is sarcolemma?
Plasma membrane
74
What is sarcoplasm?
Cytoplasm
75
What is sarcoplasmic retiuculum?
Smooth ER
76
What is myofibrils and what does myofibrils do?
Myofibrils are bundles of contractile filaments and they give skeletal and cardiac muscle characteristic striated appearance
77
How are myofibrils arranged?
They are orderly arrangements of thick and thin filaments
78
What does thin filaments have?
Actin plus tropomyosin and troponin proteins
79
What does thick filaments have?
Myosin
80
What happens during muscle contraction?
Whole muscle shortens because the individual filaments slide across one another but Thick and thin filaments themselves do not shorten
81
Does shortening always occur during the contraction?
No, they don't
82
What are 3 types of contraction?
Isometric, Concentric and Eccentric contraction
83
What is isometric?
muscle does not noticeably change length, such as holding a dumbbell at constant position
84
What is concentric?
Muscle shortens during contraction
85
What is eccentric?
Muscle gradually lengthens, but under tension,such as lowering yourself during chin up
86
What does sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) have?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum has Ca2+ stored and it releases following membrane excitation
87
How are SR and T-tubules connected?
They are connected with cell membrane proteins
88
How is calcium removed and what does it require?
Calcium is removed from cytosol to SR by active transport and it requires ATP
89
What is muscle tone?
Myosin heads always binding and releasing actin which keep muscles somewhat firm even when muscles are relaxed (not 100% relaxed)
90
What does muscle tone do for us?
It prevents muscles from over stretching and help maintain posture and balance
91
What causes cramps?
Dehydration, Over-exercise, Calcium/potassium/magnesium imbalance between inside and outside of cell, Old age, Injury and inflammation
92
What does neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have?
Motor neurons and cell bodies
93
What are motor neurons?
Nerve cells whose axons innervate skeletal muscle fibres
94
Where are cell bodies?
Located in brainstem or spinal cord
95
What do axon terminals of motor neuron have?
Vesicles that contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)
96
What is motor end plate?
Region of muscle fibre plasma membrane directly under axon terminal
97
What is neuromuscular junction(NMJ)?
The junction of an axon terminal with the motor end plate
98
Where does ACh bind to?
Ligand-gated receptors that are on motor end plate and open ion channels
99
How is depolarization cause and what is it called?
Caused by sodium ions moving into the cell and it is called end plate potential (EPP)
100
Are EPPs always excitatory?
Yes, they are
101
Where are NMJs located?
NMJs located in the middle of a muscle fibre
102
In what direction does action potential spread?
Action potential spreads in opposite directions along muscle cell
103
What can one motor neuron action potential cause (AP)?
1 end plate potential (EPP) and 1 muscle action potential (AP) in muscle cell membrane called twitch
104
Explain the 9 steps of muscle contraction
1. Nerve impulse reaches the synaptic end bulbs of a motor neuron * Sodium ions travel across neuron membrane 2. Calcium enters the cell (synaptic end bulb) 3. Triggers the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles (inside synaptic end bulb) 4. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft (from neuron to muscle fibre) * binds to ACh receptors on the motor end plate 5. Channels open allowing sodium ions into the cell – generates a muscle action potential (AP) 6. Action Potential (AP) transmitted along T tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum 7. AP causes Ca2+ to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 8. Muscle contraction occurs – Ca2+ binds to Troponin and changes is shape – This pulls Tropomyosin from the active site of theActin. – Myosin can now attach to the Actin – ATP releases energy – Myosin pulls the Actin filaments inwards causing ashortening of the muscle = contraction
105
What are 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?
1. Slow oxidative (slow twitch) 2. Fast glycolytic (fast twitch) 3. Fast oxidative-glycolytic (intermediate)
106
How are 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers classified?
They are classified based on velocity of shortening (fast or slow) and primary method of producing ATP (oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis)
107
Explain slow oxidative fibres, type I
* Small diameter, many large mitochondria, appear red due to large amounts of myoglobin * ATP generated mainly through aerobic respiration * Develop tension slowly * Resist fatigue * Capable of prolonged and sustained contraction * Associated with posture and endurance activities
108
Explain fast glycolytic fibres, type IIb
* Large diameter, few mitochondria, no myoglobin (appears white) * Large amount of glycogen * ATP generated through glycolysis. * Fatigue rapidly * Contract and relax quickly, providing short surge ofpower * Associated with sprinting (allow for rapid reactions and short bursts of speed) * Muscle size increased by exercising fast fibres
109
Explain fast oxidative-glycolytic fibres, type IIa
* Intermediate in diameter * Large amounts of myoglobin and appear red * Generate ATP through aerobic respiration and glycolysis * Moderately resistant to fatigue * Associated with sports such as middledistance running
110
What fibre type does motor unit contain?
A motor unit contains all of the same fibre type
111
How are motor units recruited?
Motor units are recruited in specific orders depending on requirement of speed, force, duration of contraction
112
What are some effects of weight training?
Increases muscle fibre diameter—more myofibrils produced in fast fibres Increases ability to produce ATP via glycolysis Increases neural control and recruitment
113
What are some effects of endurance exercise?
Increases mitochondria Increases blood vessels Slightly decreases muscle size and strength compared to weight training
114
What are the benefits of using 3 fibre types?
Increases bone density and prevents osteoporosis Strengthens muscles; increases balance and coordination Increases the production of good-mood hormones,such as serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphins; possibly prevents or reverses mild depression Helps decrease stress Decreases inflammation in the body (moderate exercise) Helps prevent type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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