Chapter 14 part 1

Question 1

Chromosomes are made of…

Answer 1

protein & DNA

Question 2

DNA consists of how many nucleotides?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

Protein contains how many amino acids?

Answer 3

20

Question 4

Are amino acids more or less diverse than nucleotides?

Answer 4

more diverse

Question 5

Who found that bacterial cells can be transformed?

Answer 5

Frederick Griffith

Question 6

Two forms of bacteria that cause influenza are….

Answer 6

the normal virulent form that causes pneumonia AND a mutant, nonvirulent form that does not.

Question 7

The normal virulent form of the bacteria that causes influenza is called…

Answer 7

the S form

Question 8

Why is the normal bacteria called the S form

Answer 8

it forms smooth colonies on a culture dish

Question 9

The mutant, nonvirulent form of the bacteria is called….

Answer 9

the R form

Question 10

Why is the mutant, nonvirulent form of the bacteria called the R form?

Answer 10

it forms rough colonies

Question 11

The mutant, nonvirulent form of bacteria lacks….

Answer 11

an enzyme - needed to manufacture the polysaccharide coat

Question 12

Frederick Griffith was trying to…

Answer 12

make a vaccine that protects against influenza

Question 13

What was thought to cause infleunza?

Answer 13

bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Question 14

What happened in Frederick Griffith’s mouse experiment?

Answer 14

S form - mice died from pnuemnia
R form - mice had no effect
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Question 15

Frederick Griffith’s mouse experiment showed what is needed for virulence?

Answer 15

polysaccharide coat

Question 16

transference of virulence from one cell to another

Answer 16

transformation

Question 17

the substance transferred between cells by transformation and indicated that the
genetic material, at least in this bacterial species, is DNA.

Answer 17

DNA

Question 18

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identify the transforming principle

Answer 18

!!!!!!!!!!

Question 19

Avery’s results were reinforced by….

Answer 19

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952, who experimented with phages

Question 20

viruses that infect bacteria

Answer 20

bacteriophages or phages

Question 21

Viruses are simpler than…

Answer 21

cells

Question 22

Viruses consist of…

Answer 22

genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Question 23

Viruses are simpler than cells because when a phage infects a bacterial cell…..

Answer 23

1. binds to the cell’s outer surface
2. injects its genetic information into the cell.
3. inside the cell, the viral genetic info uses the cell’s information-processing machinery to make viral proteins,
4. production of thousands of new viruses
5. The buildup of viruses eventually causes the cell to burst, or lyse, releasing progeny phage

Question 24

Phage used by Hershey and Chase contains…

Answer 24

DNA & Protein only

Question 25

Nucleotides contain...

Answer 25

Phosphorus

Question 26

Proteins do not contain...

Answer 26

Phosphorus

Question 27

Amino acids contain...

Answer 27

Sulfur

Question 28

DNA does not contain...

Answer 28

Sulfur

Question 29

The radioactive 32P isotope will label...

Answer 29

DNA

Question 30

the isotope 35S will label...

Answer 30

Proteins

Question 31

The 32P isotope and the isotope 35S can be distinguished by...

Answer 31

the particles they emit when they decay

Question 32

Who discovered DNA and what year?

Answer 32

Friedrich Miescher in 1869 4 years after Mendel's work 30 years before Mendel resdiscoversation

Question 33

'nuclein' turned into

Answer 33

nucleic acid

Question 34

What did Miescher do?

Answer 34

!!!!

Question 35

Components of nucleic acid..?

Answer 35

1. A 5-carbon sugar 2. A phosphate (PO4 ) group 3. A nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base. This may be a two-ringed purine (A or G) or a single-ringed pyrimidine (T or C)

Question 36

In RNA, what replaces thymine (T) ?

Answer 36

pyrimidine uracil (U)

Question 37

To refer to carbon atom in a nucelotide..?

Answer 37

add prime symbol (')

Question 38

Ribosome sugars in nucleic acids contain...

Answer 38

consist of a five-membered ring with 4 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom

Question 39

The carbon atoms are numbered....

Answer 39

1' to 5', clockwise from the oxygen atom

Question 40

What is attached to the 5' carbon atom of the sugar?

Answer 40

phosphate group

Question 41

What is attached to the 1' carbon?

Answer 41

bases

Question 42

Each nucleotide has a 5' __________ end and a 3' __________ end

Answer 42

phosphate, hydroxyl

Question 43

Nucleotide monomers are joined together by (L'| figure 14.4). Literally hundreds of millions of nucleotides are joined together via these linkages to form the nucleic acid polymers in your DNA.

Answer 43

a dehydration reaction -5' phopshate of 1 nucelotide and 3' hydroxyl of another

Question 44

Phosphate groups are linked to the two sugars by means of a pair of ester bonds. This is called....

Answer 44

phosphodiester bond

Question 45

the nucleic acid polymers in your DNA are formed through...

Answer 45

Literally hundreds of millions of nucleotides are joined together via these linkages