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Psych midterm chapter 2 > Chapter 14: Personality - 15 marks > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Personality - 15 marks Flashcards

1
Q

Who are you? What makes you You?
Your behaviour is common to others but it is also distinctive!
Personality
Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations

A

What is Personality?

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2
Q

you are like no one else

A

Personality-Identity

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3
Q

t’s inside you, not in the environment

A

Personality-Internal Causes

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4
Q

the pattern ‘fits together’, has meaning

A

Personality-Organized

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5
Q

Perceived characteristics of behaviours that are seen as reflecting an individual’s personality

A

Personality

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6
Q

Psychodynamic theorists look for the causes of behaviour in
A dynamic interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another

A

The Psychodynamic Perspective

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7
Q

Unconscious part of mind
Powerful influence on behaviour
E.g., conversion hysteria
Physical symptoms appear without a physical cause

A

The Psychodynamic Perspective-Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

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8
Q

Generated by instinctual drives
Discharged directly or indirectly

A

Psychodynamic Perspective-Psychic energy

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9
Q

are aware of

A

Psychodynamic Perspective-Mental events-Conscious

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10
Q

unaware but can be recalled

A

Psychodynamic Perspective-Preconscious

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11
Q

wishes, impulses, etc. are unaware of

A

Psychodynamic Perspective-Unconscious

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12
Q

Exists totally within the unconscious mind
It is the innermost core of the personality
The only structure present at birth,
The source of all psychic energy
No direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner

A

Freud: Structure of Personality-The id

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13
Q

Seeks immediate gratification or release
Regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities
Its dictum: “Want … take!

A

The Structure of Personality-Pleasure principle

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14
Q

Functions primarily at a conscious level
Functions to keep impulses of id in control
Delays gratification
Imparts self-control
It operates according to the reality principle
It tests reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs

A

The Structure of Personality-The Ego

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15
Q

The last personality structure to develop
The moral arm of the personality
Controls impulses of id with external control
According to Freud, the superego developed by the age of four or five
Was the repository for the values and ideals of society

A

The Structure of Personality-Superego

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16
Q

Ego cannot always control id = conflict
Anxiety when impulses of id threaten to get out of control

A

Conflict, Anxiety, Defence

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17
Q

Weapon of ego
Are distortions of reality
Operate unconsciously
Cause of maladaptive behaviour

A

Conflict, Anxiety, Defence-Defence mechanisms

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18
Q

Focuses on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of body
Adult personality is function of progressing through theses stages

A

Psychosexual Development-Series of stages

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19
Q

Arrested development where instincts focused on particular area

A

Psychosexual Development-Fixation

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20
Q

Results genuine or result of ‘defence mechanism’?

A

Research on Psychoanalytic Theory-Difficult to test

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21
Q

Nonconscious processes have been demonstrated

A

Research on Psychoanalytic Theory-Unconscious processes

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22
Q

Concept of childhood sexuality rejected
Issue = importance of early experiences & emotional attachment

A

Research on Psychoanalytic Theory-Psychosexual stages

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23
Q

Freud failed to recognize social & cultural factors
Overemphasized infantile sexuality
Personality develops throughout life span
Childhood experiences were important but not sole determinants

A

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory-Neoanalysts

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24
Q

Motivated by social interest
Place social welfare above personal interests

A

Freud’s Legacy: Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches-Neoanalytic Approaches
Adler

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25
Q

Compensate for real/imagined defects
Become more competent

A

Freud’s Legacy: Neoanalytic and Object Relations Approaches-Striving for superiority

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26
Q

Focus = mental representations people form of themselves
Become ‘working models’ to interpret social interactions
Can generate self-fulfilling prophecies
Affects attachment styles in adult relationships
Secure vs. avoidant vs. anxious-ambivalent

A

Object Relations Approaches-Object relation theorists

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27
Q

Emphasis on role of conscious, creative potential, self-actualization

A

Humanistic Approach-Reaction to Freud

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28
Q

Maslow & Rogers
Innate tendency towards self-actualization

A

Humanistic Approach-Motivations for Behaviour

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29
Q

The total realization of one’s human potential
The individual’s creative potential is inborn and striving

A

Humanistic Approach-Self-actualization

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30
Q

Considered self-actualization to be the ultimate human need and the highest expression of human nature

A

Humanistic Approach-Abraham Maslow

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31
Q

Kelly’s primary interest was how people construct reality

A

Humanistic Approach-George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

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32
Q

Are cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives
The primary basis for individual differences in personality

A

Humanistic Approach-Personal constructs

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33
Q

Central concept = self-concept
Organized , consistent set of perceptions & beliefs about oneself
Once established - tendency to maintain it

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Carl Rogers Self Theory

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34
Q

Consistency among ‘self-perceptions’

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Self-consistency

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35
Q

Consistency between self-perceptions & experience

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Congruence

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36
Q

When experience does not ‘match’ the self-concept
Threat - Arises when the experience is inconsistent with self-concept
Why do people treat me like that? I am a …..

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers

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37
Q

Not all people find me a good …

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Healthy individuals modify self-concept

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38
Q

They are just not clever enough to see that I am a good …

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Or can distort reality

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39
Q

Degree of congruence between self-concept & experience

A

Psychological Adjustment-Level of adjustment

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40
Q

Deny or distort reality to be consistent with self-concept

A

Psychological Adjustment-Maladjustment

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41
Q

Experiences are easily incorporated into self-concept

A

Psychological Adjustment-Healthy adjustment

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42
Q

How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

A

Humanistic Approach-Self-esteem

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43
Q

Fewer interpersonal problems
More capable of forming loving relationships
Achieve at higher level

A

Humanistic Approach-High Self-esteem

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44
Q

Anxiety, depression, poor social relationships, underachievement

A

Humanistic Approach-Poor Self-esteem

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45
Q

More problematic than low self-esteem
May react aggressively when self-esteem threatened

A

Humanistic Approach-Self-esteem
Unstable / unrealistically high self-esteem

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46
Q

Enhanced self-esteem vs. mastery of the goal
Failure is problematic if goal is enhanced self-esteem

A

Humanistic Approach-Pursuit of self-esteem

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47
Q

Unconditional acceptance and love
Clear guidelines for behaviour
Reinforcement of compliance
Freedom to make decisions and express opinions within guidelines

A

Humanistic Approach-Self-esteem
Fostering self-esteem

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48
Q

Innate need for acceptance, sympathy, love

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Need for Positive Regard

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49
Q

Independent of behaviour

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Unconditional Positive Regard

50
Q

Dependent upon behaviour
Creates ‘conditions of worth

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Conditional Positive Regard

51
Q

Experience of being understood & valued gives us freedom to grow

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Positive self-regard

52
Q

Creates ‘conditions of worth’

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Lack of unconditional positive regard

53
Q

Self-determined, sense of inner freedom, accept inner & outer experiences as they are

A

Humanistic Approach: Rogers-Fully functioning persons

54
Q

Self-Verification and Self-Enhancement Motives

A

Humanistic Approach

55
Q

Motivated to confirm self-concept
Better recall for more consistent self-descriptions
Seek out self-confirming relationships

A

Humanistic Approach-Self-verification

56
Q

Strong tendency to gain & preserve positive self-image
Contributes to psychological well-being

A

Humanistic Approach-Self-enhancement

57
Q

Independence & personal achievement

A

Culture, Gender, and the Self-Individualistic

58
Q

Achievement of group goals

A

Culture, Gender, and the Self-Collectivist

59
Q

Reflected in self-concept descriptions

A

Culture, Gender, and the Self

60
Q

Typical’ man or woman

A

Culture, Gender, and the Self-Gender schemas

61
Q

Achievement, strength, self-sufficiency
Individualistic

A

Culture, Gender, and the Self-Males

62
Q

Helpfulness, kindness, self competencies
Collectivist

A

Culture, Gender, and the Self-Females

63
Q

Too much reliance on self-reports
Not scientific?
How define self-actualization tendency?

A

Evaluating Humanistic Theories-Evaluation

64
Q

Characteristics of therapist
Discrepancies between perceived self & ideal self

A

Evaluating Humanistic Theories-Contribution to psychotherapy approaches

65
Q

Find correlations among behaviours
Reflect basic dimension or trait
Each dimension reflects a ‘continuum’ of behaviour

A

Trait And Biological Perspectives-Factor analysis

66
Q

Identified 16 basic factors
Developed 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire

A

Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factors-

67
Q

In Eysenck original theory
Only 2 dimensions needed
Introversion-Extraversion
Stability-Instability

A

Eysenck’s Extraversion-Stability Model

68
Q

Various combinations of two major dimensions of personality
Introversion-Extraversion and Stability-Instability, combine to form the more specific traits shown in

A

Eysenck’s Extraversion-Stability Model

69
Q

Other trait theorists argued that
Cattell’s 16 dimensions may be more than are needed and
Eysenck’s two or three may be too few

A

The Five Factor Model

70
Q

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Variations on factors create diversity in personalities

A

The Five Factor Model-Universally found

71
Q

Good at predicting behaviour across broad range

A

Trait & Behaviour Prediction-5 Factor Model & Eysenck’s 2 factor Model

72
Q

Predict behaviour more specifically

A

Trait & Behaviour Prediction-Cattel’s 16 Factors

73
Q

Nature & nurture influence development
Focus on role of:
Nervous system
Genetics
Evolution

A

Biological Foundations of Personality Traits-Biological Foundations of Personality

74
Q

Brains of extreme introverts = over-aroused
Minimize stimulation
Brains of extreme extroverts = under-aroused
Seek to maximize stimulation

A

Evidence for Biological Perspective-Extraversion - introversion

75
Q

Differences in autonomic nervous system arousal

A

Evidence for Biological Perspective-Stability - instability

76
Q

Related to levels of dopamine

A

Evidence for Biological Perspective-Novelty seeking

77
Q

Show stability & change

A

The Stability of Personality Traits-Traits & Behaviour

78
Q

Some, e.g., Introversion-extroversion, emotionality, activity level tend to remain stable over time

A

The Stability of Personality Traits-Traits

79
Q

E.g., optimism-pessimism

A

Stability of Personality Traits-Certain thought patterns remain stable

80
Q

Shows little stability across situations

A

Stability of Personality Traits-Behaviour

81
Q

Difficult because of 3 factors:
Traits interact with other traits
‘Importance’ of trait influences consistency
Variation in ‘self-monitoring’

A

Stability of Personality Traits-Predicting behaviour from personality traits?

82
Q

High = attentive to situational cues
Low = attentive to internal beliefs
Extreme = very differently in different situations

A

Stability of Personality Traits-Self-monitors

83
Q

Focused attention on value of identifying & measuring personality dispositions

A

Evaluating Trait Approach-Pros

84
Q

Describes’ structure of personality & individual differences
Cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms

A

Evaluating Trait Approach-Cons

85
Q

Behaviour not explained by ‘external’ or ‘internal’ factors alone

A

Social Cognitive Theories-Albert Bandura

86
Q

Individual & behaviour & environment are linked
Influential pattern of 2-way causal links

A

Social Cognitive Theories-Reciprocal Determinism

87
Q

Behaviour governed by 2 factors (Rotter)

A

Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, & Locus of Control-Expectancy & Reinforcement

88
Q

Likelihood of consequences given behaviour

A

Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, & Locus of Control-Expectancy

89
Q

How much we desire or dread consequences

A

Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, & Locus of Control-Reinforcement

90
Q

Generalized expectancy
Applies to many aspects of world view

A

Social Cognitive Theories-Locus of Control

91
Q

Events under personal control

A

Locus of Control-Internal

92
Q

Luck, chance, powerful others

A

Locus of Control-External

93
Q

Research shows that people with
An internal locus of control
Are more likely to take an active role in social change

A

Locus of Control

94
Q

Self-determined
Seek out information; becoming involved
Sense of personal effectiveness

A

Social Cognitive Theories-Internal locus

95
Q

Less resistant to social pressures
Give into ‘powerful’ others

A

Social Cognitive Theories-External locus

96
Q

Albert Bandura
Canadian
Social learning & Self-Efficacy
Beliefs about ability to perform task
Self-efficacy

A

Albert Bandura: The Social Cognitive Perspective and Self-Efficacy-

97
Q

Specific & measurable goals
Performance not outcome goals
Difficult but realistic goals
Positive not negative goals
Short-range & long-range goals
Definite time spans for achievement

A

Self-Efficacy & Goal Setting-Want to know what to do? Then set:

98
Q

Level of consistency in behaviour is low

A

Walter Mischel: The Consistency Paradox and If … Then … Behaviour Consistencies-Consistency Paradox

99
Q

Interplay between personality characteristics and situation
If … then … behaviour consistencies

A

Walter Mischel: The Consistency Paradox and If … Then … Behaviour Consistencies-Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)

100
Q

Advanced understanding of internal & external factors
Puts insights from other perspectives into cognitive-behavioural concepts
Explains inconsistency of behaviour as a stable structure which reacts differently to particular situations

A

Evaluating Social Cognitive Theories

101
Q

How do we measure ‘personality’?
Ask them? Others?
Test results? Observe?

A

Personality Assessment

102
Q

Structured set of standardized questions
Note other behaviours - appearance, speech patterns etc.

A

Personality Assessment-Interviews

103
Q

Characteristics of interviewer can affect answers
Dependence on co-operation, honesty of interviewee

A

Personality Assessment-Drawbacks

104
Q

Need explicit coding system
Aim is not solely to ‘describe’ behaviour
Specific behaviour, frequency, specific situations, under what conditions

A

Personality Assessment-Behavioural Assessment

105
Q

High level of agreement
among observers

A

Personality Assessment-Interjudge reliability

106
Q

Sample behaviour at random times over period of days, weeks etc.
Allows for data collection of behaviour that may otherwise not be revealed

A

Personality Assessment-Remote behavioural sampling

107
Q

Objective measures
Use standard questions & agreed upon scoring key

A

Personality Assessment-Personality Scales

108
Q

Collect large amount of data

A

Personality Scales-Advantage

109
Q

Validity of answers (truthfully answered?)
Validity scales
Used to detect a ‘pattern’ in responses

A

Personality Scales-Disadvantage

110
Q

Based on conception of trait
Item seems ‘relevant’ to the trait
NEO-PI (Costa & McCrae)
Big 5 personality traits

A

Personality Assessment-Personality scales items: 2 ways to develop
Rational

111
Q

Answered by differing groups
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory revised = MMPI-2

A

Personality Assessment-Empirical

112
Q

10 clinical scales
3 validity scales

A

Personality Assessment-MMPI-2

113
Q

Measure personality deviations
Aspects of personality in people who do not display disorders
Screening device in industrial, military settings

A

Personality Assessment-Configuration pattern of scales

114
Q

Convicted mass murderer
Reflects his severe psychological disturbance
Is consistent with his pattern of unrestrained and vicious victimization of others

A

MMPI Profile-Jeffrey Dahmer’s MMPI profile

115
Q

Presented with ambiguous stimulus
Interpretation = ‘projection’ of inner needs, feelings, ways of viewing the world

A

Personality Assessment-Projective tests

116
Q

Rorshach Inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test

A

Personality Assessment-2 main tests

117
Q

10 inkblots
Categorized according to ‘types’ of objects seen
Different examiners - different interpretations?

A

Personality Assessment-Rorschach Inkblots

118
Q

Ambiguous illustrations/ photos
Asked to ‘tell a story’
‘themes’ are analyzed

A

Personality Assessment-Thematic Apperception Test

119
Q

Provides framework

A

Personality Theory and Personality Assessment-Theory

120
Q

Provides ‘tools’

A

Personality Theory and Personality Assessment-Assessment

121
Q

Who uses what tools?
Psychodynamic = projective techniques
Humanistic = self-report measures
Social-cognitive = behavioural assessments
Biological = physiological measurements
Trait theorists = inventories (MMPI, NEO-PI)

A

Theory & Assessment

Psych midterm chapter 2 (4 decks)

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