Chapter 14 - Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microbes
A
Infection
2
Q
Is when an infection changes the body’s state of health
A
Disease
3
Q
the scientific study of disease
A
pathology
4
Q
the cause of a disease
A
etiology
5
Q
the way in which disease develops
A
pathogenesis
6
Q
microbial communities of harmless and beneficial bacteria that inhabit the body
A
microbiomes
7
Q
a subjective change in a body function experienced by the patient
A
symptom
8
Q
EX: pain, changes in perception
A
symptom
9
Q
an objective change in body function that a health professional can measure
A
Sign
10
Q
EX: blood pressure, bruising
A
sign
11
Q
collection of symptoms and signs associated with a specific disease
A
syndrome
12
Q
defined as a disease that is capable of spreading from one host to another
A
communicable disease
13
Q
EX: tuberculosis (is what type of disease?)
A
communicable disease
14
Q
defined as a subset of communicable disease that is easily spread from one host to another
A
contagious disease
15
Q
EX: Chicken pox (Is what type of disease?)
A
contagious disease
16
Q
defined as a disease that does not spread from one host to another
A
non-communicable disease
17
Q
EX: tetanus (is what type of disease?)
A
non-communicable disease
18
Q
______ of a disease is the number of people who develop the disease during a specific time period
A
Incidence
19
Q
ONLY measures new cases
A
Incidence
20
Q
_____ of a disease is the number of people who have the disease during a specific time period
A
prevalence
21
Q
Measures new and old cases
A
prevalence
22
Q
disease that appears only occasionally in a population
A
sporadic disease
23
Q
EX: typhoid fever (is classified under what disease type?)
A
sporadic disease
24
Q
disease that is common within a population
A
endemic disease
25
EX: common cold, chicken pox (is classified under what disease type?)
endemic disease
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a disease that many people in a regional population develop within a short time
epidemic disease
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EX: influenza, bubonic plague (is classified under what disease type?)
epidemic disease
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an epidemic disease on a global scale
pandemic disease
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EX: AIDS (is classified under what disease type?)
pandemic disease
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a disease normally occurring in animals that can be transmitted to humans
zoonosis
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a condition where pathogens are spreading throughout the body
sepsis
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a category of sepsis and refers to the presence of pathogens in the blood
septicemia
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the presence of bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
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presence of toxins in the blood
toxemia
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presence of viruses in the blood
viremia
36
Microbes that inhabit the body but generally do not cause disease
normal microbiota/normal flora
37
Once normal microbiota are established on the body, they maintain conditions that limit opportunities for other microbes to infect the body
microbial antagonism
38
live microbial cultures designed to have a beneficial effect on the host
probiotics
39
What are four functions of microbial antagonism
- competition for nutrients and resources
- maintaining inhospital pHs
- controlling oxygen levels
- production of bacteriocins
40
proteins that kill off other bacteria
bacteriocins
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defined as a relationship between two organisms where at least one organism is dependent on the other.
symbiosis
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a form of symbiosis where one organism benefits from the relationship, while the other organism is unaffected
commensualism
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a form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit from the relationship
mutualism
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a form of symbiosis where one organism benefits from the relationship, but the other is harmed
parasitism
45
What symbiotic organisms can become parasitic by the change in location?
Mutualistic and commensalistic
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microbes that do not cause disease in their normal habitat, but may do so in another region of the body
opportunistic pathogens
47
Robert Koch's four postulates
- The same pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.
- The pathogen must be able to be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
- The pathogen from the pure culture must be capable of causing disease in a healthy host.
- The pathogen must be isolated from the new host and demonstrated to be the same pathogen.
48
Exceptions for Koch's Postulates
- Not all pathogens are capable of growing on standard culture media.
- Some pathogens require cells in order to reproduce.
- Multiple pathogens may be able to cause the same disease.
- Examples: pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis.
- Some pathogens cause multiple diseases.
- Some pathogens are only pathogenic in humans.
- Infecting a healthy human with a pathogen has severe ethical concerns.
49
Duration of a disease
acute, subacute, chronic, and latent disease
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a disease that develops quickly but lasts only a short time
acute disease
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a disease that develops over time, but may recur on a regular basis
chronic disease
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falls between an acute and chronic disease
subacute disease
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a disease that takes longer to develop symptoms than a chronic disease
latent disease
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an infection where the pathogens are limited to a small part of the body
local infection
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EX: abscesses, wounds (what type of infection is this?)
local infection
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an infection where the pathogens spread out through the entire body
systemic infection
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EX: measles (what type of infection is this?)
systemic infection
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an infection when the pathogens of a local infection spread to another specific part of the body
focal infection
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an infection that causes the initial disease in a host
primary infection
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an infection caused by opportunistic pathogens after a primary infection has weakened the host's defenses
secondary infection
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an infection that does not cause any noticeable illness of symptoms in the host
subclinical infection
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an infection acquired in a hospital setting
nosocomial infection
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5 Major stages of a disease
- incubation period
- prodromal period
- period of illness
- period of decline
- period of convalescence
64
the period between the first exposure to a pathogen and the first emergence of symptoms; a person does not show any signs or symptoms of sickness
Incubation period
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pathogens continue to multiply but are still not formidable enough to cause fulminant illness. A person also begins to show signs of illness, but the symptoms are mild and not very specific or diagnostic
Prodromal period
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When a person is highly contagious and experiencing fulminant symptoms
Period of illness
67
invading pathogens decrease in the body as the immune system combats the infection
period of decline
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a period of recovery and return to the pre-illness state
period of convalescence
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makes an individual more susceptible to developing a disease
predisposing factor
70
continual source of pathogens, for the pathogen to survive and multiply
reservoir
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Transmission of the pathogen from the reservoir to the host has three main mechanisms
- contact
- vehicle
- vectors
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contact transmission has three varieties
direct contact transmission, indirect contact transmission, and droplet transmission
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involves direct contact between the reservoir and the host
direct contact transmission
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involves transmission between the reservoir and host through a fomite, or non-living object capable of transmitting the pathogen (overlaps the vehicle transmission)
indirect contact transmission
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involves transmission of pathogens through tiny droplets expelled from the reservoir over distances less than one meter
droplet transmission
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involves transmission between the reservoir and host through a non-living medium (water, air, food)
vehicle transmission
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involves transmission between the reservoir and host through a living organism
vector transmission
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or insects, are the most common vectors
arthopods
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occurs through passive contact of the insects body with the reservoir and host
mechanical transmission
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occurs when the insect bites an infected animal or person, then transfers the pathogen to a healthy individual
biological transmission
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include infections from other health care facilities
HAI (Health-care associated infections)
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3 major causes of nosocomial infections
- prevalence of microbes
- compromised hosts
- opportunities for transmission
83
Emerging Infectious diseases
New strains through mutation or recombination
Environmental changes
Modern transportation
Changes in animal populations
Public health issues
Rise of antibiotic resistance
Natural and manmade disasters
84
is the study of the occurrence of diseases, and their transmission.
epidemiology
85
Three types of epidemiological studies
-descriptive epidemiology
-analytical epidemiology
-experimental epidemiology
