Chapter 14 - Program 16

Question 1

a stimulus leads to an automatic reflective response. if this stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, then the second stimulus comes to elicit the same behavior as the first?

Answer 1

classical conditioning

Question 2

examples of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Pavlov’s dog and Albert’s white rabbit

Question 3

RESPONSE CONTINGENCIES are critical?

Answer 3

operant conditioning

Question 4

positive consequences of operant conditioning have a ?

Answer 4

increased probability of occurring again

Question 5

negative consequences of operant conditioning have a?

Answer 5

decreased probability of occurring again

Question 6

inconsistent reinforcement leads to behavior that is ?

Answer 6

very resistant to extinction

Question 7

the application of reward for a behaviour?

Answer 7

positive reinforcement

Question 8

termination or removal of aversive stimuli after a behavior ?

Answer 8

negative reinforcement

Question 9

the application of an aversive response to a behavior

Answer 9

punishment

Question 10

effects of physical punishment need to be ?

Answer 10

used SPARINGLY AND JUDICIOUSLY and only the MINIMUM NEEDED to gain compliance and it is accompanied by VERBAL REASONING and given by a parent who is generally AFFECTIONATE

Question 11

potential side effects of physical punishment (4) ?

Answer 11

1. child is taught to deal with frustration with aggression
2. parents who favor power assertive, have highly aggressive children
3. parents have less opportunity to teach or model desired behaviors
4. don’t internalize rules

Question 12

it is not necessary for a child to directly receive reinforcement contingencies for changes in behavior to occur; observation of a model is sufficient reinforcement contingencies applied to the models behavior play a role as well

Answer 12

observational learning or imitation (Dr. Albert Bandura)

Question 13

Imitative effects (can perform models of behaviour that was observed, recalled and performed) (4)

Answer 13

1. direct imitation (perform)
2. disinhibition (perform act of same type of model/generalization)
3. direct counter-imitation (less likely to perform same specific effect)
4. inhibition (less likely to perform same type of class)

Question 14

importance of COGNITION in social learning theory child is ?

Answer 14

learning reinforcement contingencies to gain info about the world, and the child weighs, evaluates and judges

Question 15

Dr. Mark Lepper, concerned with the process of INTERNALIZATION of adults prohibition by children?

Answer 15

attribution theory

Question 16

Children are constantly trying to justify their behavior, if they have strong treats of punishment or strong rewards, they have ready-made explanation for their behavior therefore?

Answer 16

interested in EXTRINSIC VS INTRINSIC MOTIVATION FOR BEHAVIOR

Question 17

according to attribution theory, children not only PERCEIVE CONSEQUENCES for their behaviors, they also ?

Answer 17

ABSTRACT the elements that signal SOCIAL-CONTROL TECHNIQUES by their parents

Question 18

Dr. Carol Dwerk was interested in children’s differing responses to failure, what was her study?

Answer 18

she studied classroom teachers and their responses to girls and boys and found that they were giving different kinds of responses to failure. boys were being told that they weren’t trying hard enough(you have it in you) and girls were being told, at least you tried(you don’t get it, not smart enough)