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Psyc 260 > Chapter 14 Psychosis > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Psychosis Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Emil Kraepelin contribute to the understanding of schizophrenia?

A

He combined several symptoms of other disorders that were seen to make insanity

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2
Q

The idea of schizophrenia being due to a “split mind” was first introduced by who and when?

A

Eugen Bleuler

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3
Q

What does it mean to have psychosis?

A

This implicates a loss of contact with reality, such as having delusions (irrational beliefs) and/or hallucinations (sensory experiences in the absence of external events).

Not just people with schizophrenia have this

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4
Q

What disorder is a better predictor of violence? Schizophrenia or antisocial personality disorder

A

Antisocial personality disorder

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5
Q

Define schizophrenia according to its clinical symptoms and criteria as presented in DSM-5-TR

A

Schizophrenia is characterized by psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations. Must have either one or the other or both for diagnosis.

The symptoms associated with schizophrenia are not shared between all people with the diagnosis

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6
Q

Hallucinations are — whereas delusions are —-

A

Sights and sounds that are not there, thoughts and beliefs that are unrealistic and bizzare

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7
Q

Differentiate among the types of symptoms of schizophrenia.

A

Symptoms are categorized as:
* Positive symptoms
* Negative symptoms
* Disorganized symptoms

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8
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms include:
* Hallucinations
* Delusions
* Disturbing experiences of thought content

These are addition to functioning

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9
Q

What percentage of people with schizophrenia experience hallucinations and delusions?

A

60%–80% experience hallucinations; 70% experience delusions.

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10
Q

What are delusions of persecution?

A

People are out to get them

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11
Q

What is a delusion of grandeur?

A

A belief that one has exceptional abilities or is famous.

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12
Q

What are the four types of hallucinations?

A
  1. Auditory
  2. Tactile
  3. Visual
  4. Olfactory
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13
Q

What does it mean for a hallucination to be a command hallucination?

A

They are being “told” or forced to do something based on what they hear in their head

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14
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Negative symptoms include:
* Avolition -> Won’t engage activities
* Alogia -> Won’t speak
* Anhedonia -> No pleasure
* Asociality -> No need to connect
* Affective flattening -> Not open to emotional situations

Absence of normal functioning

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15
Q

What are disorganized symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

Unusual behaviour, erratic rambling speech without conversation to real people

  1. Disorganized speech
  2. Inappropriate affect -> Crying at random times
  3. Catatonic immobility
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16
Q

What are the 6 other categories of disorders of psychosis?

A
  1. Schizophreniform disorder
  2. Schizoaffective disorder
  3. Delusional disorder
  4. Brief psychotic disorder
  5. Attenuated psychosis syndrome
  6. Schizotypal personality disorder
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17
Q

What is the difference between Schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia?

A

Schizophreniform disorder only occurs for shorter durations compared to schizophrenia

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18
Q

What is the difference between Schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia?

A

Schizoaffective disorder involves more depressive symptoms and episodes

Schizophrenia + mood disorder = Schizoaffective disorder

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19
Q

What is the duration of brief psychotic disorder compared to Schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia?

A

Weeks to month -> Brief psychotic

Months - 6 months -> Schizophreniform

Over 6 months -> schizophrenia

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20
Q

What is delusional disorder?

A

A persistent belief that is contrary to reality, in the absence of other characteristics of schizophrenia

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21
Q

List the subtypes of delusional disorder according to DSM-5-TR.

A

Subtypes include:
* Erotomaniac
* Grandiose
* Jealous
* Persecutory
* Somatic -> Body parts are gone

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the general population?

A

Around 1%

Due to their struggles it is common for these people to become unhoused and often are suicidal

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23
Q

People with schizophrenia tend to live how much shorter compared to others?

A

10-15 years shorter

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24
Q

There is a slight and steady
a. Incline
b. decline
in the rates of schizophrenia in the last 20 years?

A

b. Decline

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25
When do the symptoms of schizophrenia first appear?
Late adolescence early adulthood
26
What is the prodromal stage in schizophrenia?
A one- to two-year period when less severe yet unusual behaviours start to show themselves but before serious symptoms occur and schizophrenia develops. ## Footnote 85% of people with schizophrenia go through a prodromal stage but it can take 2-10 years for that person to become high risk
27
What does the course of recovery look like for people with schizophrenia?
They often suffer from multiple relapse episodes
28
True or false: Schizophrenia is universal
True
29
The treatment outcome for schizophrenia is better where in the world?
Columbia, India, and Nigeria ## Footnote poorer countries
30
Do more white people or black people receive diagnosis for schizophrenia?
Black, potentially due to bias and stereotyping as they are more often subject to compulsory hospitalizations
31
What are some genetic influences on schizophrenia?
Genetic influences include: * Family studies * Twin studies * Adoption studies
32
Is schizophrenia genetic?
Yes, the more severe the parent’s schizophrenia, the more likely the children were to develop it also. BUT the type of schizophrenia can manifest differently
33
How does genetic relatedness affect the risk of developing schizophrenia?
The closer your genetic relationship to someone with schizophrenia, the higher your risk: Highest risk (≈48%) if your identical twin has it Lower risk (≈17%) with a fraternal twin General population risk is about 1% This pattern shows a strong genetic influence on schizophrenia.
34
What findings were observed in the Genain quadruplets?
All four developed schizophrenia but each sister had different times of onset and symptoms. While genetics (like de novo mutations) may partly explain differences in schizophrenia among siblings, even identical siblings can have unshared environments—different prenatal and family experiences—that also influence behavior and mental health outcomes.
35
What is the gene environment interaction for people with schizophrenia?
a good home environment reduces the risk of schizophrenia
36
What do genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reveal about schizophrenia?
They suggest schizophrenia risk comes from many common genes, each with a small effect. One large study identified 128 genetic associations across 108 loci.
37
What does the concept of "quantitative trait loci" explain about schizophrenia?
It suggests multiple genes contribute to schizophrenia, explaining differences in severity and why risk increases with more affected family members.
38
What physical deficit may be used as a marker for schizophrenia?
Eye-tracking deficit
39
What role does dopamine play in schizophrenia?
It has been suggested that dopamine may play a role in schizophrenia based on the fact that: -Neuroleptics which are dopamine antagonists are effective in treating it *Negative side effects tho -L-dopa which is a dopamine agonist provides schizophrenia like symptoms -Amphetamines activate dopamine and make psychotic symptoms worse
40
What drug may help to reduce dopamine activity in the brain?
Haloperidol
41
What brain structure abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
Abnormally large lateral and third ventricles. ## Footnote Not in all cases though
42
Which lobe is less active in schizophrenics?
The frontal lobe
43
What might prenatal exposure to influenza indicate?
It may be associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.
44
What is the connection between toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia?
It may make it more likely to develop schizophrenia if you have been exposed to toxoplasma gondii
45
What physical marker may indicate prenatal brain damage linked to schizophrenia risk?
Differences in fingerprint ridge count, especially among identical twins discordant for schizophrenia.
46
What is the difference between retrospective and prospective research approaches in schizophrenia studies?
Retrospective approach looks back at past events after the onset of schizophrenia, often relying on after-the-fact reports, which may be biased or inaccurate. Prospective approach tracks individuals over time before symptoms worsen, collecting real-time data to identify factors (like stress) that may predict relapse or symptom changes.
47
What is the sociogenic hypothesis of schizophrenia?
The idea that a lower socioeconomic status is a risk factor for schizophrenia
48
What is the social selection hypothesis?
This pertains to the adverse effects of schizophrenia on a person’s ability to hold a job. If the illness makes them less able to hold a job, individuals with schizophrenia may experience a downward social drift into lower socioeconomic status. ## Footnote This is the favoured explanation in terms of explaining the relation of socioeconomic status and schizophrenia
49
A person who is described as schizophrenogenic may act in what way towards their child?
They may be cold, dominant, and rejecting which may lead to the development of schizophrenia in the child
50
What is the double blind communication style?
A type of communication style that produced conflicting messages, which, in turn, caused schizophrenia to develop.
51
What is expressed emotion (EE) in the context of schizophrenia?
EE refers to the level of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement expressed by family members. Families with high EE make it more likely someone with schizophrenia will relapse.
52
EE varies across cultures, indicating that the reactions of family members to the disorder may not be a large cause of it, or else the rates would vary along with these countries EE levels.
53
What are neuroleptics?
Dopamine antagonists used to treat schizophrenia. They mainly treat the positive symtpoms
54
Neuroleptics are effective for what % of the users?
60-70%
55
What is the benefit of newer antipsychotics?
Fewer side effects and reduce more symptoms
56
What is akinesia and how is it related to antipsychotic medication?
Akinesia is an extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication, involving: An expressionless face Slow motor activity Monotonous speech It resembles symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
57
What is tardive dyskinesia and what causes it?
Tardive dyskinesia is a serious, often irreversible side effect of long-term high-dose antipsychotic use. It involves involuntary movements of the: Tongue Face Mouth Jaw Examples: Tongue protrusions, puffing cheeks, puckering lips, chewing motions. Affects 20–50% of adults; 3–5% of youth, with risk increasing over time.
58
What drug treatment may be helpful in preventing non compliance in those with schizophrenia?
Injectable long acting medication
59
What are some psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia?
Psychosocial interventions include: * Behavioural family therapy * Token economy * CBT for symptoms
60
What is TMS for schizophrenia?
Magnetic fields enter the brain to interrupt communication in that area temporarily which has been shown to improve hallucinations
61
Is the psychoanalytic approach helpful for schizophrenia?
No it may be harmful actually
62
What is the idea of a token economy?
Inpatient schizophrenia residents could earn access to meals and small luxuries by behaving appropriately.
63
What is behavioural family therapy for schizophrenia?
Behavioral family therapy educates families about schizophrenia, reduces blame, and teaches: Facts about medications and side effects Communication skills for empathic listening Constructive expression of negative emotions Conflict-resolution and problem-solving skills Limitation: Benefits are strong in the first year but decline by two years, requiring ongoing support for lasting impact.
64
What is very important for successful treatment of schizophrenia?
Early intervention
65
What treatment helps with delusion and depression in schizophrenics?
CBT
66
67
Fill in the blank: The absence of speech or brief replies is known as _______.
Alogia
68
True or False: Treatments for schizophrenia are consistent across all cultures.
False
69
What is the purpose of early intervention in schizophrenia?
To identify and treat children who may be at risk for developing schizophrenia. ## Footnote During the prodromal stage

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