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Genetics > Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Translation is the _______________ of amino acids into ____________ chains

A

polymerization

polypeptide

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2
Q

Translation requires…

A
  • amino acids
  • messenger RNA
  • ribosomes
  • transfer RNA
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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of translation?

A
  1. tRNA charging
  2. Initiation
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination
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4
Q

in tRNA charging, __________ bind

A

amino acids

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5
Q

in initiation, components are assembled at the ________

A

ribosome

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6
Q

in elongation, __________ are joined

A

amino acids

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7
Q

in termination, ________________ halts

A

protein synthesis

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8
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNAs (rRNA)

They are subunits

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9
Q

rRNA’s perform _________ functions

A

catalytic

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10
Q

proteins promote _______

A

binding

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11
Q

the tRNA structure is a __ structure, like a __________

A

2D

cloverleaf

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12
Q

the tRNA structure is __-__ nucleotides long

A

75-90

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13
Q

what are tRNA’s?

A

triplet codons in mRNA to the correct amino acid

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14
Q

Posttranscriptionally modified bases are unique and ________ hydrogen bonding efficiency.
name 3

A

enhance

  1. inosinic acid
  2. ribothymidylic acid
  3. pseudouridine
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15
Q

tRNA structure consists of an _________

A

anticodon

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16
Q

in a tRNA structure, the amino acid is bound to the ___ sequence at the __ end

A

CCC

3’

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17
Q

pG at __ end

A

5’

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18
Q

What is the first step in charging tRNA?

A

tRNA is chemically linked to their amino acids

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19
Q

What is it called when tRNA is chemically linked to amino acids?

A

Charging

aminoacylation

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20
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase charges/ activates tRNA’s with the appropriate _____ _____

A

amino acids

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21
Q

How many tRNA molecules and how many synthetases?

A

31 tRNA

20 synthetases/ enzymes

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22
Q

CHARGING tRNA

1. Amino acid is _________- aminoacyladenylic acid

A

activated

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23
Q

CHARGING tRNA

2. Covalent linkage between __ _________ group and amino acid

A

5’ phosphate

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24
Q

CHARGING tRNA

3. Amino acid is transferred to the appropriate ____

A

tRNA

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25
CHARGING tRNA | 4. Bonded covalently to the adenine residue at the __ end
3'
26
Charged tRNA is ________ involved in protein syntheses
directly
27
only recognizes ___ amino acid
one
28
What are the 6 things initiation requires?
1. mRNA 2. the small and large ribosomal subunits 3. GTP 4. charged initiator tRNA 5. Mg2+ 6. 3 initiation factors
29
TRANSLATION: INITIATION (STEP 2) 1. Small subunit binds to _________ _______ and to ____ 2. fmet- tRNA binds to the small subunit; sets _______ _____ 3. Large ribosomal unit binds to complex and a molecule of ___ is hydrolyzed (providing energy); __ released
1. initiation factors; mRNA 2. reading frame 3. GTP; IF
30
STEP 2 | IF3 binds to ___ subunit; prevents binding to ___
30s; 50s
31
STEP 2 | IF2 binds to ____- tRNA to 30s- mRNA complex; hydrolyzes ___
fmet; GTP
32
STEP 2 | IF1 binds to ___ subunit; prevents ____ from binding to A site
30s; tRNA
33
STEP 3 TRANSLATION/ ELONGATION | What enzyme catalyzes peptide bond formation?
peptidyl transferase | catalytic activity 23s rRNA large subunit
34
STEP 3 | AA on the tRNA at the _ site and the growing peptide chain bound to the tRNA in the _ site
A; P
35
STEP 3 | Unchanged tRNA moves to the _ site
E (exit)
36
STEP 3 | tRNA bound to the peptide chain moves to the _ site
P
37
STEP 3 1. charged tRNA binds to _ site 2. _______ bond 3. _____________ ( movement 5' to 3' direction)
1. A 2. peptide 3. translocation
38
STEP 4 TRANSLOCATION/ TERMINATION | Termination is signaled by a ____ _____ in the A site
stop codon
39
Why?
GTP- dependent release factors cleave the polypeptide chain from the trRNA. released from complex
40
STEP 4 | RF1- specific for ___ and ___
UAA and UAG
41
STEP 4 | RF2- Specific for ___ and ___
UGA and UAA
42
STEP 4 | RF3- stimulates ___ and ___
RF1 and RF2
43
_____________ are mRNAs with several ribosomes translating at once
polyribosomes
44
As mRNA passes through ribosome, its free to associate with another small _______
subunit
45
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES In eukaryotes: ribosomes are larger than in bacteria (T/F)
True
46
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES In eukaryotes: transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated (T/F)
True
47
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES RNA Processing: 5' end of mRNA capped with 7- methylguanosine residue at maturation, which is essential for translation (T/F)
True
48
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES RNA Processing: Poly- A tail added at 3' end of mRNA (T/F)
True
49
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES | Ribosomes scan for the initiator tRNA that is in the proper context, as identified by the _____ sequence (A/GNNAUGG)
Kozak
50
TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES | Ribosomes are not free- floating, associated with ___________ reticulum.
Endoplasmic
51
The initial insight that proteins are important in heredity was provided by the study of _______ errors of metabolism
inborn
52
Hundreds of medical conditions caused by errors in _________ due to mutant genes
metabolism
53
Alkaptoruria and phenylketonuria result from mutations that lead to _________ blocks
metabolic
54
ALKAPTORNURIA | Autosomal _________
recessive
55
ALKAPTORNURIA | individual cannot metabolize alkapton 2,5- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (or homogentistic acid) (T/F)
True
56
ALKAPTORNURIA | Accumulates in cells and excreted in urine (T/F)
True
57
ALKAPTORNURIA | Darkening of ears and nose (cartilaginous areas), joint deposition leads to arthritic condition (T/F)
True
58
ALKAPTORNURIA | Garrod: identified disorder in 1902 (T/F)
True
59
ALKAPTORNURIA | Ahead of time... no one failed to see relationship between _____ and _______
genes/ enzymes
60
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) | Phenylalanine hydroxylase is inactive in affected individuals (T/F)
True
61
PHENYLKETORURIA (PKU) | Phenylalinine is not converted to tyrosine (T/F)
True
62
PHENYLKETORURIA (PKU) | Phenylalinine enters cerebrospinal fluid with elevated levels; this results in mental retardation (T/F)
True
63
PHENYLKETORURIA (PKU) | Low ___________ diet
phenylalanine
64
PKU | 1/ 1000 births (T/F)
True
65
ONE GENE ONE ENYZME HYPOTHESIS | genes are responsible for _______
enzymes
66
ONE GENE ONE ENZYME HYPOTHESIS Beadle and Tatum -nutritional mutations in the bread mold _________ -led to the loss of an enzymatic activity -catalyzes an essential reaction
neurospora
67
GENES AND ENZYMES: ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS Neurospora: metabolic pathway investigated -synthesis of amino acid ________
argenine
68
GENES AND ENZYMES: ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS:' | _ mutant strains studied
7
69
GENES AND ENZYMES: ANALYSIS OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS: | Mutations prevented conversion of citrulline to arginine (T/F)
True
70
STUDIES OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN | not all proteins are enzymes (T/F)
true
71
STUDIES OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN | Some proteins have more then ___ subunit
one
72
STUDIES OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN | one gene: one enzyme hypothesis was modified to one gene: one protein and then to one gene: one ___________ chain
polypeptide
73
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA | recessive _______ disease
genetic
74
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA | Homozygous for the ___ hemoglobin allele
Hb^s
75
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA | Low oxygen conditions: red blood cells become _________ and ______
elongated/ curved
76
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA | red blood cells aggregate in the venous side; tissues become deprived of ______
oxygen
77
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Affects muscles joint, brain, GI, lungs Usually anemic (T/F)
True

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