Chapter 15

Question 1

Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 1

create a system called scientific management.

Question 2

After administering nearly 100 tests to Harry Orchard, who had been accused of assas-sinating former Idaho governor Frank Steuenberg, psychologist __________ was con-vinced that the accused was __________.

Answer 2

Hugo Münsterberg; innocent

Question 3

Who is often referred to as the founder of applied psychology?

Answer 3

Hugo Münsterberg

Question 4

The pneumograph and the sphygmograph were used by

Answer 4

a colleague of Münsterberg in his work on lie detection.

Question 5

Münsterberg’s early work challenging Wundt’s conceptualization of what subject at-tracted the favorable attention of William James?

Answer 5

will

Question 6

What is the definition of “psychotechnics”?

Answer 6

the application of psychology to business and industry

Question 7

Academic psychologists looked down upon early applied psychologists for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

Answer 7

They were concerned that applied psychologists would take academic jobs.

Question 8

With what is “Taylorism” synonymous?

Answer 8

scientific management

Question 9

What was the goal of scientific management?

Answer 9

increase efficiency and productivity in factories

Question 10

While working in factories, __________ noticed a phenomenon called __________ wherein individuals work below their normal capacity or speed.

Answer 10

Frederick Taylor; soldiering

Question 11

What is the term for a system in which a standard time is set for each task a worker must perform and each worker who completes the task in that time or faster receives a higher rate of pay, while workers who do not meet the standard time are penalized?

Answer 11

differential piece-rate

Question 12

The process of breaking down each task a worker performs into the specific move-ments it required, and timing each movement is known as what?

Answer 12

time study

Question 13

All of the following are true about the response to Taylor’s system of scientific man-agement EXCEPT for which?

Answer 13

Factories all along the East Coast completely banned Taylor’s methods.

Question 14

All of the following were applied activities undertaken by psychologists during World War I EXCEPT for which?

Answer 14

In Italy, studies of the effects of isolation on submarine crew members

Question 15

The process of designing tests that can match workers’ skills and aptitudes to appropri-ate forms of work is known as what?

Answer 15

personnel selection

Question 16

Münsterberg offered his expertise in all of the following applied settings EXCEPT for assessing

Answer 16

potential company managers.

Question 17

Psychologist Walter Dill Scott is well known for his applied work in what field?

Answer 17

advertising

Question 18

According to Walter Dill Scott, the psychological processes of __________ and __________ were the most useful ones in designing effective advertisements.

Answer 18

association; suggestion

Question 19

When psychologists became involved in the war effort during World War I, two com-mittees were established. The Committee for the Classification of Personnel in the Ar-my was headed by __________ and assessed recruits’ specific aptitudes and skills for certain tasks, rather than their __________, which was assessed by the Committee for the Psychological Evaluation of Recruits.

Answer 19

Walter Dill Scott; general intelligence

Question 20

Who among the following was NOT credited, correctly or not, with developing a lie detector test?

Answer 20

Walter Dill Scott

Question 21

The comic book superheroine Wonder Woman was created by psychologist __________ who modeled Wonder Woman’s arch-nemesis, Dr. Psycho, on his former teacher __________.

Answer 21

William Marston; Hugo Münsterberg

Question 22

Who is often referred to as the mother of industrial psychology?

Answer 22

Lillian Gilbreth

Question 23

Why did Lillian Gilbreth publish The Psychology of Management using only her ini-tials, L. M., rather than her full name?

Answer 23

Her publisher believed the book would not sell if it was obvious it was written by a woman.

Question 24

Who described their effort to make work more efficient as the “quest for the one best way” to get a task done?

Answer 24

Lillian and Frank Gilbreth

Question 25

Whose approach to scientific management aimed not only to make work more efficient, but also individually rewarding for workers?

Answer 25

The Gilbreths

Question 26

The Gilbreths’ motion studies were used to

Answer 26

make work more efficient and comfortable for the worker.

Question 27

What are “therbligs”?

Answer 27

a unit referring to the eighteen independent motions of the hand

Question 28

Gilbreth Inc. consulted in all of the following areas EXCEPT

Answer 28

toothbrush engineering.

Question 29

While Münsterberg embraced a relatively strict form of Taylorism, Lillian Gilbreth took a more __________ view.

Answer 29

humanistic

Question 30

__________’s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.

Answer 30

Lillian Gilbreth

Question 31

Who thought that workers should be able to critique a workplace’s methods of opera-tion and suggested that they might share in the profits produced through increases in ef-ficiency?

Answer 31

Lillian Gilbreth

Question 32

Which two psychologists were employed by Macy’s department store?

Answer 32

Lillian Gilbreth and Elsie Bregman

Question 33

Marion Almira Bills spend the majority of her career working at the Aetna Life Insur-ance Company where she conducted pioneering research on the factors affecting

Answer 33

job permanency.

Question 34

The impact, on either performance or behavior, of being aware that you are a participant in a study is known as

Answer 34

the Hawthorne effect.

Question 35

Which study demonstrated that physical and economic factors alone are insufficient to explain workplace productivity, and that psychological and social factors also needed to be taken into consideration?

Answer 35

Hawthorne studies

Question 36

Who argued that social science could understand the psychological factors that lead to labor strikes and thus help control them?

Answer 36

Elton Mayo

Question 37

Prior to the work of Elton Mayo and his colleagues at Hawthorne Works, studies had already been conducted on the effects of __________ on worker productivity.

Answer 37

changes in lighting levels

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT true about the Hawthorne studies?

Answer 38

Wage incentives had no effect on worker productivity.

Question 39

What were the three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth’s work?

Answer 39

clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization

Question 40

The following quotation—“The tradition emanating from the mystic and romantic nov-elists, that woman is a mysterious being, half hysteric, half angel, has found its way in-to scientific writing. Through the centuries gone those who wrote were men, and since the phenomenon of periodicity was foreign to them, they not unnaturally seized upon it as a probable source of the alleged ‘mystery’ and ‘caprice’ of womankind”—represents whose views?

Answer 40

Leta Stetter Hollingworth’s assessment of scientists’ belief in functional periodicity

Question 41

What, according to Leta Hollingworth, did the professionalization of clinical psycholo-gy need to involve?

Answer 41

specifying a doctoral degree as the minimum requirement for clinical practice AND creating a professional degree that would emphasize clinical training

Question 42

The Hollingworths conducted methodologically sophisticated research on the effects of __________ on cognition and behavior.

Answer 42

caffeine

Question 43

The notion that men were more variable than women in both physical and psychologi-cal characteristics, and thus more likely to occupy the lower and upper ends of the dis-tribution of any trait, is known as what?

Answer 43

variation hypothesis

Question 44

Leta Hollingworth designed two studies to assess the widely held belief that women became physically and mentally impaired during their menstrual periods, a belief known as __________. From these studies, she concluded __________.

Answer 44

functional periodicity; women do not experience periodic mental or motor impairment

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons clinical psychologists formed the American Association of Clinical Psychologists?

Answer 45

the need for an organization that could lobby for government funds for clinical psychology